P.05 Adrenocorticosteroids & Adrenocortical Antagonist

What is the precursor of steroids of both gonadal and adrenal origin?

Which hormone plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure by acting on the kidneys to increase sodium reabsorption?

What process does cortisol from the zona fasciculata regulate throughout the body?

Which hormone causes water to be doubly absorbed along with sodium, thus increasing blood volume?

What do adrenal androgens serve as precursors for?

What stimulates the production of ACTH from the pituitary?

When does cortisol peak in healthy individuals?

What influences the release of Corticotropin from the hypothalamus?

What is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis and enables the organism to prepare to manage stress?

At what time does cortisol peak in healthy individuals?

What does CRH stimulate the production of from the pituitary gland?

In addition to stress and physical activity, what influences the release of Corticotropin from the hypothalamus?

What is the primary influence on the release of Corticotropin from the hypothalamus?

What percentage of the circulating cortisol is typically bound to Corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) under normal circumstances?

What happens to the concentration of free cortisol when cortisol levels exceed 20–30 mcg/dL?

From which precursor is cortisol synthesized?

What regulates glucocorticoid (GC) synthesis and secretion, and is very sensitive to negative feedback by circulating cortisol?

What happens to the half-life of cortisol when large amounts of the drug hydrocortisone are administered?

Which protein is largely responsible for binding synthetic corticosteroids such as dexamethasone?

In which conditions might the half-life of cortisol be increased?

What is the role of the steroid-receptor complex after it has entered the nucleus?

What is the main function of corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) in relation to cortisol?

What happens to the steroid-receptor complex when it binds a molecule of cortisol?

What is the main function of FKBP5 in relation to the intracellular receptor complex?

What enables the steroid-receptor complex to regulate transcription after entering the nucleus?

What is the immediate effect of cortisol binding to the steroid-receptor complex?

What is the main physiological effect of glucocorticoids?

What is the metabolic effect of glucocorticoids in the fasting state?

What are the catabolic and anti-anabolic effects of supraphysiologic amounts of glucocorticoids?

Which effect makes glucocorticoids dramatically reduce the manifestations of inflammation?

What is the primary effect of glucocorticoids on tissue macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells?

What effect do supraphysiologic amounts of glucocorticoids have on muscle mass?

How do glucocorticoids maintain an adequate glucose supply to the brain in the fasting state?

What effect do glucocorticoids have on the fetal lungs?

How does cortisol deficiency affect renal function?

What is the long-term predisposition associated with the use of glucocorticoids?

What is the main influence of alterations in the glucocorticoid molecule?

What is the primary function of synthetic corticosteroids given by mouth?

What effect do alterations in the glucocorticoid molecule have on its affinity for receptors?

Which characteristics of synthetic corticosteroids are pharmacologically and therapeutically important?

What is the primary effect of synthetic corticosteroids binding to specific intracellular receptor proteins?

Which glucocorticoid is approximately 25-30 times more potent than Hydrocortisone in terms of antiinflammatory effect?

What is the salt-retaining effect of Hydrocortisone and Prednisone?

What is the equivalent oral dose of Prednisone for 20mg of Hydrocortisone?

Which glucocorticoids have a salt-retaining effect when Fludrocortisone is not available?

In what form are all the available glucocorticoids?

What makes the mineralocorticoids different from Hydrocortisone and Methylprednisolone?

In what condition would increasing the dose of Hydrocortisone or Prednisone be necessary?

What are the characteristic symptoms of chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison’s disease)?

What is the replacement therapy for chronic adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) if fludrocortisone is not available?

What may produce acute adrenal insufficiency with circulatory shock and even death in patients with chronic adrenocortical insufficiency?

What is the most common cause of adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal glands?

What is the recommended immediate treatment for acute adrenocortical insufficiency?

Which syndrome is commonly associated with adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal glands?

Which form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia is the most common?

What is the condition characterized by a defect in the synthesis of cortisol due to a mutation or deletion of genes?

Which deficiency is NOT one of the six forms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia?

What is the primary characteristic of the genitalia in individuals with CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

What is the purpose of adjusting the dosage of Hydrocortisone or Prednisone in the treatment of CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

What is the most common treatment for CAH due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency?

What is a potential cause of secondary adrenal insufficiency?

Which treatment could lead to secondary adrenal insufficiency?

What is the recommended course of action for patients with adrenal insufficiency during times of illness or surgery?

Why do patients with adrenal insufficiency need to increase their steroid dose during times of stress?

What is the consequence of not increasing the steroid dose for patients with adrenal insufficiency during times of stress?

What differentiates the response to stress in normal individuals from those with adrenal insufficiency?

What is the purpose of reducing the corticosteroid dose slowly until reaching replacement levels?

What is the purpose of conducting a stimulation test during corticosteroid therapy withdrawal?

What is the purpose of conducting a stimulation test during corticosteroid therapy withdrawal?

What is the effect of ACTH suppression during acute corticosteroid treatment?

Why is ACTH suppression a concern during acute corticosteroid treatment?

What is a potential cause of Cushing’s syndrome?

What is a treatment option for Cushing’s syndrome?

What can result from bilateral adrenalectomy without glucocorticoid maintenance therapy?

What physical manifestation is typically seen in individuals with Cushing syndrome?

What is a common symptom of Cushing syndrome resulting from protein loss?

Which of the following is a consequence of prolonged and marked increase in glucocorticoid secretion in Cushing syndrome?

What are the characteristic symptoms of primary aldosteronism?

What can cause primary aldosteronism besides excessive production by an adrenal adenoma?

What is the recommended treatment for secondary aldosteronism?

What is the purpose of the dexamethasone suppression test for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome?

What does a normal result indicate in the dexamethasone suppression test for the diagnosis of Cushing’s syndrome?

What is the expected result of the dexamethasone suppression test in individuals with Cushing’s syndrome?

How does the fetal secretion of cortisol regulate lung maturation in the fetus?

What is the impact of treating the mother with large doses of glucocorticoid on premature infants delivered before 34 weeks of gestation?

Which synthetic glucocorticoids have been shown to reduce the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome in prematurely delivered infants?

What undesirable side effects may be observed when steroids are given in a long term or high doses?

When is adrenal suppression likely to occur after steroid use?

What can be observed even after only a few days of steroid treatment?

In patients with normal adrenals, what was ACTH used for in the past?

Why has the use of ACTH as a therapeutic agent been abandoned, except when an increase in androgens is desirable?

What was the historical purpose of using ACTH in patients with normal adrenals?

What factors should be considered in determining the dosage regimen to be used?

For some diseases, what is the relationship between the amount needed for maintenance of therapeutic effect and the initial dose?

What is recommended in determining the lowest possible dosage for the needed effect?

Which dosage form is specifically recommended for joint disease?

What is the primary role of mineralocorticoids?

What are the effects of excessive levels of aldosterone?

Which steroid serves as a precursor of aldosterone?

Which steroid is the most widely used mineralocorticoid?

Which enzyme required for steroid hormone synthesis is inhibited by ketoconazole?

What is the primary function of aminoglutethimide in patients with breast carcinoma?

At what level does etomidate inhibit adrenal steroidogenesis?

In patients with Cushing’s syndrome due to adrenocortical cancer who do not respond to mitotane, aminoglutethimide is used in conjunction with which medication to reduce steroid secretion?

What is the main use of etomidate at subhypnotic doses?

Which medication can be administered to pregnant women with Cushing’s syndrome?

What is the primary effect of high doses of mifepristone in patients with Cushing's Syndrome due to ectopic ACTH production or adrenal carcinoma?

What is the primary function of METYRAPONE?

What is the pharmacologic activity of MIFEPRISTONE (RU-486) at the steroid receptor?

Which adverse effect is most likely to be associated with Spironolactone use?

In what condition might Spironolactone be used as a diagnostic test?

Which medication is primarily used as an oral contraceptive?

What is the primary use of Eplerenone?

How does MIFEPRISTONE (RU-486) differ from other adrenal-inhibiting medications with respect to pregnancy?

What is the main benefit of Spironolactone in heart failure?