Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the most likely causative organism for the patient's symptoms?
What is the most likely causative organism for the patient's symptoms?
- Vibrio cholerae (correct)
- H.pylori
- E.coli
- Aeromonas spp
What are the points indicating the cause of the patient's symptoms?
What are the points indicating the cause of the patient's symptoms?
- Consumption of undercooked poultry
- Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products
- Presence of fever and cough
- Shellfish, watery diarrhea, and dehydration (correct)
Describe the culture in Thiosulphate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) media.
Describe the culture in Thiosulphate-citrate-bile-sucrose (TCBS) media.
- Pink colonies
- Blue colonies
- Yellow colonies (correct)
- Green colonies
What is the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae?
What is the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae?
Describe the microbiological characteristics of Vibrio cholerae.
Describe the microbiological characteristics of Vibrio cholerae.
How do we treat Vibrio cholerae infection?
How do we treat Vibrio cholerae infection?
What are the clinical features of Vibrio cholerae infection?
What are the clinical features of Vibrio cholerae infection?
Which statement about Vibrio cholerae is FALSE?
Which statement about Vibrio cholerae is FALSE?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with cholera gravis?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with cholera gravis?
Which medium is NOT used to differentiate the colonies of Vibrio cholerae?
Which medium is NOT used to differentiate the colonies of Vibrio cholerae?
What is the approximate annual number of deaths caused by cholera?
What is the approximate annual number of deaths caused by cholera?
Which strain of cholera has a higher infection rate?
Which strain of cholera has a higher infection rate?
In which regions do the majority of cholera cases occur?
In which regions do the majority of cholera cases occur?
What is the primary mode of transmission of cholera?
What is the primary mode of transmission of cholera?
Who is at a higher risk of contracting cholera?
Who is at a higher risk of contracting cholera?
What is the approximate daily volume of infectious material produced by an infected person?
What is the approximate daily volume of infectious material produced by an infected person?
What is the main source of infection for cholera?
What is the main source of infection for cholera?
What did John Snow's discovery in London in 1854 reveal about cholera?
What did John Snow's discovery in London in 1854 reveal about cholera?
What is the shape of Vibrio Cholerae?
What is the shape of Vibrio Cholerae?
Which characteristic helps prevent cholera?
Which characteristic helps prevent cholera?
Which serogroup organisms are the causes of epidemic cholera?
Which serogroup organisms are the causes of epidemic cholera?
Where is V. cholera O139 contained?
Where is V. cholera O139 contained?
What did the removal of the pump handle lead to in London in 1854?
What did the removal of the pump handle lead to in London in 1854?
What is the shape of Vibrio cholerae?
What is the shape of Vibrio cholerae?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cholera gravis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of cholera gravis?
Which medium is used to differentiate the colonies of Vibrio cholerae?
Which medium is used to differentiate the colonies of Vibrio cholerae?
What is the primary mode of transmission of cholera?
What is the primary mode of transmission of cholera?
What are the clinical features of Vibrio cholerae infection?
What are the clinical features of Vibrio cholerae infection?
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Study Notes
- Cholera causes 1-3 million cases and 100,000 deaths each year, with a contagion period of one to three weeks. Dates back to 1817, with Classical strain having a lower infection rate (1 case per 30-100) and El Tor strain having a higher infection rate (1 case per 2-4).
- Endemic in over 50 countries, with majority of cases occurring in India, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southern Asia. Transmission is primarily through contaminated water and food, especially in areas without well-established sewage systems and water treatment.
- Children, elderly, and those with less gastric acidity are at higher risk of contracting cholera. Infected persons can produce up to 20 L of 10⁹ CFU/ml/day and have a high infectious dose (10⁶-10¹¹ CFU).
- Cholera is characterized by a wide range of clinical manifestations, from mild or no symptoms to severe disease. Symptoms include frequent, watery diarrhea, vomiting, cramps, dehydration, and rapid loss of body weight.
- Cholera results from secretory diarrhea caused by the actions of cholera toxin (CT) on intestinal epithelial cells. CT is an adenosine diphosphate-ribosylating enzyme that leads to chloride, sodium, and water loss from the intestines.
- Cholera toxin binds to Monosialoganglioside (GM1) on epithelial cells, undergoes cleavage, and activates the Gs protein, leading to the elevation of intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) concentration and subsequent loss of water and electrolytes.
- Untreated cholera can result in dehydration, shock, hypoglycemia, cardiac and renal failure, aspiration pneumonia, and death within hours to a few days, depending on the infectious dose and gastric acidity.
- Risk factors for cholera include living in areas with poor sanitation and water treatment, taking antacids, and having a lower infectious dose due to the body's inability to produce sufficient gastric acid.
- Cholera is primarily found in developing and war-torn countries due to poor water and sanitation conditions, as well as weak healthcare systems.
- Cholera can be treated with antibiotics (such as doxycycline) and fluids to prevent infection and alleviate symptoms. If intravenous fluids are not available, mortality rates are higher.
- Cholera vaccines are available, with two main types: a dead vaccine with less immunogenicity and a live attenuated vaccine with longer immunity. These vaccines are recommended for people traveling to endemic regions and those exposed to the pathogen.
- Cholera is a type B acute watery diarrhea caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae, transmitted through contaminated water and food. It is characterized by a sudden onset of watery diarrhea and vomiting and is most susceptible to individuals with blood type O.
- A watery stool sample collected from a 5-year-old boy who has been suffering from diarrhea for two days yielded smooth and round colonies in high pH media containing NaCl, which were identified as Gram-negative, motile, comma-shaped bacteria, consistent with Vibrio cholerae.
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