Choice Theory: Understanding Crime

<p>Eros and Thanatos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Learning experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can trigger excessive amounts of female sex hormones leading to aggression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher concentrations of lead (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Malignant brain tumor (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Criminality can be passed down through genetics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can increase the likelihood of aggressive impulses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impulsivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eugenics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crime is a matter of criminal opportunity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Situational crime prevention (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The threat of criminal punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crime displacement to other areas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The expectation of monetary gain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Emotional deterrence strategies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calculating vulnerability of targets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies criminals weigh costs and benefits before committing an act. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lower-class frustration and anger (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Relative deprivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As undermining community and social institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Frustration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Religious institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Successful strategies without any ethical consideration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They feel inadequate compared to even wealthier individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It takes precedence over personal relationships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cybertheft (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1 hour (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>44% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are altered means and methods of communication. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>$600 billion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8.5 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cybervandalism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To further institute oppression and maintain social control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reinforce negative behaviors associated with the label (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The idea that social structures are shaped by the capitalist mode of production (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship between societal hierarchy and crime (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Class struggle and economic conflict (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ruling class and government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A potential link where economic inequality may increase crime rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The organization of power and hierarchy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The idea that criminals make calculated decisions based on potential benefits and risks, aiming to maximize pleasure and minimize pain.

A theory stating that crime occurs when motivated offenders meet suitable targets without capable guardians.

Strategies that aim to reduce opportunities for crime by changing the environment; preventing crime at the scene.

Crime control method that works on the fear of punishment; the threat of punishment deters criminals.

Shifting criminal activity to another location or time due to changes in prevention methods.

Modifying the physical environment to discourage crime by creating a stronger sense of community and personal responsibility.

Strategies focused on punishing offenders to prevent them from committing further crimes.

Removing offenders from society to prevent them from committing further crimes through imprisonment or other means.

Testosterone and other androgens may contribute to higher aggression levels in males, potentially explaining differences in crime rates between genders.

Neurological or medical abnormalities, often acquired during prenatal or early childhood development, can be linked to behavioral issues, like aggression or impulsivity.

A condition arising from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to a range of developmental and behavioral problems.

A neurological condition characterized by problems in brain functioning or development, impacting behavior and learning.

Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulty with attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, leading to behavioral struggles.

Physical damage to brain tissue (lesions) or abnormal growths (tumors) that can affect brain function and potentially lead to behavioral changes like aggression.

Some theories suggest that inherited traits might play a role in antisocial tendencies, aggression, or other criminal behaviors.

The idea of improving the genetic qualities of future generations, often by preventing individuals with "undesirable" traits from reproducing.

Personality is shaped by unconscious mental processes developed in early childhood.

Unconscious biological drives (e.g., hunger, sex).

Preconscious level that manages the id's desires in a socially acceptable way.

Moral standards and values of society internalized.

Personality develops through learning experiences.

A theory suggesting that crime results from a mismatch between societal goals, like wealth, and the limited means available to achieve those goals, leading to frustration and alternative methods.

A cultural ideal in the United States emphasizing the possibility of success and prosperity through hard work and determination, often linked to material wealth.

An extension of Strain Theory, suggesting that the American Dream's relentless focus on material success undermines other vital social institutions, leading to higher crime rates.

The theory that crime arises from a feeling of being deprived compared to others, especially when those with more wealth live in close proximity to those with less.

The perception of humiliation and a desire for revenge against those perceived as more fortunate, fueled by the constant exposure to inequality.

The feeling of deprivation and its associated criminal behavior isn't limited to the poor; even wealthy individuals can experience this when encountering those wealthier than themselves.

Strain, arising from the inability to achieve societal goals, can lead to feelings of frustration, aggression, and eventually violence and crime.

Stealing digital information or assets, such as financial data, intellectual property, or personal identities.

Intentionally damaging or disrupting computer systems or networks, often for malicious purposes.

Using computer networks and technology for hostile acts between nations or groups.

Using computer networks to carry out acts of terrorism, aiming to cause fear and disruption.

A society where digital technologies are deeply integrated into everyday life, influencing communication, work, and social interactions.

All the traces of online activity left behind by an individual or organization.

A scenario where both individuals and authorities monitor each other's activities online.

Unequal access to technology and skills, creating disparities in participation and opportunities online.

A theory that emphasizes how power dynamics, inequalities, and class struggles within society influence crime and how it is defined and punished.

The process of labelling individuals with negative stereotypes, leading them to internalize these labels and potentially engage in behaviors that confirm the stereotype.

Conflict theorists argue that crime is a product of the class struggle, where the powerful use the law to oppress the less powerful and maintain their dominance.

Social conditions that promote or contribute to crime, such as poverty, inequality, and lack of opportunities.

Marxist theory argues that our beliefs, values, and social structures are shaped by the economic realities of the 'mode of production' (how we produce and distribute goods).

The way society produces and distributes goods and services, including the means of production (factories, land) and the relationships between people (workers, owners).

The wealthy class who own the means of production and control the economic system in capitalism.

The working class who sell their labor for wages under capitalism.