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Questions and Answers
What is the primary action of glycogen phosphorylase?
What is the primary action of glycogen phosphorylase?
Which conversion is necessary for synthesizing glucose from propionol?
Which conversion is necessary for synthesizing glucose from propionol?
Which of the following pathways can be classified as amphibolic?
Which of the following pathways can be classified as amphibolic?
What is a characteristic of glycolysis in red blood cells?
What is a characteristic of glycolysis in red blood cells?
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Which statement about ATP generation from glucose metabolism is true?
Which statement about ATP generation from glucose metabolism is true?
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What occurs during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?
What occurs during the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate?
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What is one key enzyme in the process of glycogenesis?
What is one key enzyme in the process of glycogenesis?
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Which enzyme acts on fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate?
Which enzyme acts on fructose to produce fructose-1-phosphate?
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In which pathway does the production of NADPH+H and ribose-5-phosphate occur?
In which pathway does the production of NADPH+H and ribose-5-phosphate occur?
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Why can't glycogenolysis in muscles yield free glucose?
Why can't glycogenolysis in muscles yield free glucose?
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Study Notes
CHO Metabolism Revision
- Anabolic Pathways: Glycogenesis, Gluconeogenesis
- Catabolic Pathways: Glycolysis, Oxidative decarboxylation, Krebs cycle, HMP shunt, Uronic acid pathway, Glycogenolysis
- Amphibolic Pathway: Krebs cycle
- Aerobic Glycolysis: 36-38 ATP from glucose
- Anaerobic Glycolysis: 2 ATP from glucose
- Oxidative Decarboxylation of Pyruvate: 6 ATP
- Acetyl CoA Oxidation (Krebs): 12 ATP per molecule
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Substrate Level Phosphorylation (Examples):
- Glycolysis: Phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase
- Krebs cycle: Succinate thiokinase
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Coenzymes:
- HMP shunt: NADP
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: NAD
- Succinate dehydrogenase: FAD
- Uronic Acid Pathway: Production of Glucuronic acid (UDP-glucuronic acid), used in detoxification, synthesis of vitamin C (in animals not humans)
- HMP Shunt: Important for NADPH + H and ribose-5-phosphate production
- Key Enzymes (Glycolysis): Hexokinase, glucokinase, phosphofructokinase-1, pyruvate kinase
- Key Enzymes (Krebs Cycle): Citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
- Key Enzymes (HMP Shunt): Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Key Enzymes (Glycogenesis): Glycogen synthase
- Key Enzymes (Glycogenolysis): Glycogen phosphorylase
- Key Enzymes (Gluconeogenesis): Pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, fructose 1,6-biphosphatase, glucose-6-phosphatase
- Glycogenesis Requirements: Glycogen synthase, UDP-glucose, branching enzyme, glycogen primer
- Glycogenolysis Requirements: Glycogen phosphorylase, inorganic phosphate, glucan transferase, debranching enzyme
- Glycogenolysis (Liver vs. Muscles): Liver glycogenolysis produces free glucose due to glucose-6-phosphatase; muscle glycogenolysis does not
- Cytoplasmic Cycles: Glycolysis, oxidative decarboxylation, HMP shunt, uronic acid pathway, glycogenesis, glycogenolysis
- Mitochondrial Cycle: Krebs cycle
- Gluconeogenesis: Cytoplasmic and mitochondrial
- Glycerol Conversion to Glucose: Dihydroxyacetone
- Propionol Conversion to Glucose: Succinyl CoA
- Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate: Stimulates glycolysis, inhibits gluconeogenesis
- Fanconi Syndrome: Reduced renal tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, and phosphate
- Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA: Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, 5 coenzymes (NAD, FAD, CoASH, TPP, lipoic acid)
- α-ketoglutarate to Succinyl CoA: α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, 5 coenzymes (NAD, FAD, CoASH, TPP, lipoic acid)
- RBC Glycolysis: Anaerobic; ends with lactate; produces 2 ATP; independent of insulin; produces 2,3-BPG;
- Normal Fasting Blood Glucose: 70-110 mg/dL
- 2-hour postprandial blood glucose: up to 140 mg/dL
- Hypoglycemia: Blood glucose below 60 mg/dL
- Renal Threshold: 180 mg/dL
- Glucose-6-Phosphate Production: Glucokinase, hexokinase on glucose
- Fructose-1-Phosphate Production: Fructokinase on fructose
- Fructose-6-Phosphate Production: Hexokinase on fructose
- Galactose-1-Phosphate Production: Galactokinase on galactose
- Galactose-6-Phosphate Production: Hexokinase on galactose
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Description
Test your knowledge of carbohydrate metabolism in this comprehensive quiz. Explore topics such as anabolic and catabolic pathways, ATP yield in glycolysis, and important coenzymes. Ideal for students revising for exams or anyone interested in biochemistry.
