Chinese Adolescents' Self-Concept in Canada

A concept that refers to a person's sense of self, including their values, beliefs, and identity.

A measure that reflects how a person feels about themselves.

A person's sense of belonging and connection to a specific cultural group.

The process of adopting and integrating into a new culture.

A cultural orientation that emphasizes the importance of individual needs and goals.

A cultural orientation that emphasizes the importance of group needs and goals.

A cultural phenomenon found in collectivist cultures, where individual self-esteem is dependent on the group's well-being.

The tendency for individuals to view themselves as separate from the dominant culture, even if they were born and raised in that culture.

The tendency to see oneself as independent, self-reliant, and focused on personal goals.

The tendency to see oneself as interdependent, connected to others, and focused on group goals.

A theory that suggests both individualistic and collectivistic self-construals are based on evolved psychological mechanisms that have been shaped by environmental factors.

The idea that individualistic self-construal is more common in societies with high mobility, abundant resources, and less reliance on family networks.

The idea that collectivistic self-construal is more common in societies with low mobility, limited resources, and strong family ties.

A proposed third type of self-construal that involves seeing oneself within a broader context, such as humanity or the cosmos.

The ability to switch between individualistic and collectivistic self-construals depending on the situation.

A branch of psychology exploring the influence of evolution on human psychology.

The tendency to describe oneself using positive and socially valued attributes, such as intelligence or kindness.

North Americans tend to have a more positive view of themselves, using more positive descriptions and scoring higher on self-esteem scales.

The Japanese are more likely to use negative self-descriptions and score lower on self-esteem scales, often emphasizing their shortcomings.

Koreans are more likely to use negative self-descriptions compared to North Americans.

In Japanese baseball, umpires prioritize harmony and rarely penalize teams or eject players, valuing peace over strict rules.

North American baseball is known for its rules and penalties, emphasizing fairness and competition.

Cultural norms and values can influence how individuals present themselves, impacting self-perception and behavior.

Parents in North America are likely to talk about their parenting skills positively, while Korean parents tend to use more negative self-descriptions.

Cultural traits transmitted through learning alone (e.g., language, customs).

Cultural traits passed down through genetic inheritance (e.g., facial expressions, temperament).

Universal personality traits or features present across cultures, suggesting a common human nature.

The study of cultural universals has been overlooked in favor of focusing on cultural differences.

The claim that human behavior is infinitely adaptable to different cultural contexts, suggesting no universal human nature.

The idea that personality traits are largely influenced by culture and environment, leading to significant variations between cultures.

The view that while cultures differ in some aspects, there are also commonalities in personality traits across cultures.

Margaret Mead's research about cultural differences has been challenged by later studies finding inconsistencies with her original claims.

People in different cultures may have different views on self-enhancement, meaning how positively they view themselves. Some cultures might encourage more self-criticism while others promote a more positive self-image.

This refers to the idea that people are aware of how their actions might be perceived by others and adjust their behavior accordingly, particularly when discussing personal strengths or weaknesses.

A phenomenon that occurs when individuals favor their own group over other groups, often resulting in positive evaluations of their in-group and negative evaluations of out-groups.

In some cultures, individuals may refrain from openly acknowledging personal strengths or achievements to avoid appearing boastful or arrogant. This reflects a cultural value of humility and modesty.

The idea that cultural differences in self-enhancement might stem from individuals feeling pressured to present a more positive self-image, even if they have more negative self-evaluations in private.

A study by Church et al. (2014) found that while Chinese individuals may exhibit less self-enhancement than Americans, this difference may not apply to all traits, suggesting that self-enhancement is a complex phenomenon influenced by various factors.

A research study by Heine and Lehman (1995) revealed that Canadian students displayed in-group enhancement, favoring their own university over rivals. However, Japanese students didn't show this bias, suggesting cultural differences in how people view their own groups.

A personality trait that includes characteristics like being talkative, sociable, and outgoing.

A personality trait that includes characteristics like being sympathetic, warm, and cooperative.

A personality trait that includes characteristics like being organized, responsible, and efficient.

A personality trait that includes characteristics like being relaxed, calm, and emotionally stable.

A personality trait that includes characteristics like being intelligent, imaginative, and curious.

The tendency for some cultures to have a different concept of the fifth personality factor, focusing on personality traits related to political orientation.

The process by which researchers identify traits unique to a specific culture using lists of trait words.

The practice of analyzing data to identify patterns and relationships between personality traits within a particular culture.