Children's Thinking Homework 7 Answers
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Questions and Answers

What is rehearsal in the context of memory strategies?

  • Combining different items into categories or themes
  • Using analogies to understand concepts
  • Repeating information to retain it (correct)
  • Evaluating the results of problem-solving strategies

What does metacognition refer to?

  • Thinking about one's own thinking processes (correct)
  • The ability to remember events accurately
  • Knowing how to solve problems effectively
  • Using memory strategies to improve learning

At what age can children first begin to demonstrate problem-solving abilities?

  • 8 months (correct)
  • 4 months
  • 12 months
  • 2 years

Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning?

<p>Using known relationships to understand unknown ones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is organizational strategy in memory techniques?

<p>Classifying items into categories or themes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is relational shift in children's problem-solving development?

<p>Moving from perceptual to relational similarity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT one of the primary influences on children’s strategy use?

<p>Emotional intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does goal-directed behavior involve in children?

<p>The ability to demonstrate effective problem-solving (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of bottom-up processing?

<p>Seeing a picture of a past event that brings back memories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes limited resource capacity in information processing?

<p>The necessity of focusing on one task at a time due to cognitive constraints. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are automatic processes characterized?

<p>They occur with little to no attention or processing ability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is production deficiency in the context of executive function?

<p>Inability to apply effective mental strategies during problem-solving. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding individual differences in executive function?

<p>Executive function abilities tend to be stable over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is utilization deficiency?

<p>Strategy use that does not lead to improved problem-solving performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT significantly influence executive function abilities?

<p>Age of the individual. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What connection exists between strategies, production deficiency, and utilization deficiency?

<p>All represent variations in the ability to implement effective strategies. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does hardware play in the information-processing theories of cognitive development?

<p>It represents the capacity and speed of memory systems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes sensory memory?

<p>Sensory registers that immediately process incoming information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the modern information-processing approach, what does attention refer to?

<p>Focusing on selected information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do top-down and bottom-up processing differ?

<p>Top-down relies on past experiences while bottom-up begins with external stimuli. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the modern information-processing approach focuses on the output generated after cognitive processing?

<p>Response (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of memory is defined as relatively permanent storage?

<p>Long-term memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which processes are involved in short-term working memory?

<p>Rehearsal, attention, retrieval strategies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized by top-down processing in the context of cognitive development?

<p>Directing attention based on stored experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Information-processing theories

Theories that use computer models to explain how children learn to think, comparing memory capacity and processing speed to hardware and strategies to software.

Modern Information-processing approach

A model that describes how information flows through sensory memory, attention, short-term working memory, long-term memory, and results in a response.

Sensory memory

The initial processing of incoming sensory information, including sights, sounds, and other sensations.

Attention

The process of focusing on specific information and ignoring others.

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Short-term working memory (STWM)

Temporary storage and processing of information, involving tasks like rehearsal, coding, decisions, and retrieval strategies.

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Long-term memory

Storage of relatively permanent memories, storing knowledge and experiences.

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Top-down processing

Information from long-term memory guides the attention to specific aspects of the environment.

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Bottom-up processing

Incoming sensory information directly influences perception, without relying on existing knowledge.

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Mnemonics

Memory strategies that use special techniques to help remember information.

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Rehearsal

A memory strategy where you repeat information over and over to keep it in your mind.

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Organization

A memory strategy that involves grouping information into categories, themes, or units to make it easier to remember.

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Mental Capacity

The ability to have enough mental resources to complete tasks.

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Knowledge Base

The amount of information a person has learned and stored in their mind.

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Metacognition

The ability to think about your own thinking processes.

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Problem Solving

The process of finding solutions to problems by setting goals, identifying obstacles, using strategies, and evaluating results.

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Analogical Reasoning

Using something you already know to help you understand something new.

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Limited resource capacity

Our brains can only process a limited amount of information at one time.

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Automatic processes

Information processing that happens without much conscious effort or attention. Like driving a familiar route.

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Effortful processes

Information processing that requires a lot of conscious effort and attention. Like learning a new language.

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Executive Function: Individual Differences

People vary in their abilities for higher-level cognitive tasks like reading, math, and problem-solving. These differences can be influenced by genetics and environmental factors.

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Strategies

Purposeful mental processes that help solve problems. Like using a formula to solve a math equation.

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Production deficiency

An inability to use effective strategies to solve problems, even if one knows them.

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Utilization deficiency

Using a strategy but it doesn't actually improve problem-solving performance.

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Study Notes

Children's Thinking Homework 7 Answers

  • Information-processing theories use computer analogies to describe children's cognitive development. Hardware is similar to children's memory capacity and processing speed, software is seen in their ability to utilize strategies.

  • Modern information-processing approach (Figure 7.1B) includes:

    • Stimulus information: Input from the environment.
    • Sensory Memory: Initial processing of sights, sounds, etc.
    • Attention: Focusing on specific information.
    • Short-term working memory: Temporary processing with rehearsal, coding, decisions and retrieval.
    • Long-term Memory: Permanent storage.
    • Response: Output based on processed information

  • Top-down processing: Experiences and long-term memory guide attention. Examples: recognizing a friend in a crowd, thinking of a fun experience.

  • Bottom-up processing: Information detected by senses guides attention. Examples: recognizing a familiar face, noticing vivid color in a picture.

  • Three facets of cognition:

    • Limited resource capacity: Processing limited to a certain amount of information at a given time.
    • Automatic processes: Require little attention, effortless.
    • Effortful processes: Require much attention.

  • Individual Differences in Executive Function:

    • Abilities affected by higher-order cognitive skills (reading, math, theory of mind).
    • Influenced by genetics, environment (exercise, mother-child interactions).
    • Generally stable over time, but some training can help.

  • Strategies, Production Deficiency, and Utilization Deficiency:

    • Strategies: Deliberate mental processes for problem-solving.
    • Production deficiency: Inability to utilize effective strategies.
    • Utilization deficiency: Strategy use doesn't improve performance. All relate to solving problems.

  • Adaptive strategy choice: Strategy changes with developing mental abilities.

  • Mnemonics, Rehearsal, Organization:

    • Mnemonics: Memory aids.
    • Rehearsal: Repeating information for retention.
    • Organization: Combining information into categories.

  • Factors influencing children's strategy use:

  • Mental capacity: Processing resources.

  • Knowledge base: Relevant prior information.

  • Metacognition: Understanding one's thinking.

  • Problem solving and goal-directed behavior:

    • Problem solving: Goal, obstacles, strategies, and result evaluation.
    • Goal-directed behavior: Demonstrating problem-solving.
    • Children exhibit goal-directed behavior from around 8 months old.

  • Reasoning and Problem-solving:

    • Reasoning: Inferring beyond given information
    • Analogical reasoning: Utilizing known knowledge to understand the unknown.
    • Relational mapping: Applying known relations between things.

  • Relational Shift:

    • Shifts from perceptual similarity to relational similarity in problem-solving.
    • Key aspect of analogical reasoning.
    • Related to knowledge and metacognition.
    • Critical Factor for Scientific Reasoning: Evidence.

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Children's Thinking Homework 7 - ANSWERS PDF

Description

This quiz delves into the information-processing theories of children's cognitive development, highlighting concepts such as sensory memory, attention, and the differences between top-down and bottom-up processing. It covers essential components like stimulus information, short-term and long-term memory, and the role of experiences in cognitive processing.

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