Children's Thinking Homework 7 Answers
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Questions and Answers

What is rehearsal in the context of memory strategies?

  • Combining different items into categories or themes
  • Using analogies to understand concepts
  • Repeating information to retain it (correct)
  • Evaluating the results of problem-solving strategies

    • What does metacognition refer to?

  • Thinking about one's own thinking processes (correct)
  • The ability to remember events accurately
  • Knowing how to solve problems effectively
  • Using memory strategies to improve learning

    • At what age can children first begin to demonstrate problem-solving abilities?

  • 8 months (correct)
  • 4 months
  • 12 months
  • 2 years

    • Which of the following best describes analogical reasoning?

    <p>Using known relationships to understand unknown ones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is organizational strategy in memory techniques?

    <p>Classifying items into categories or themes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is relational shift in children's problem-solving development?

    <p>Moving from perceptual to relational similarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT one of the primary influences on children’s strategy use?

    <p>Emotional intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does goal-directed behavior involve in children?

    <p>The ability to demonstrate effective problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of bottom-up processing?

    <p>Seeing a picture of a past event that brings back memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes limited resource capacity in information processing?

    <p>The necessity of focusing on one task at a time due to cognitive constraints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are automatic processes characterized?

    <p>They occur with little to no attention or processing ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is production deficiency in the context of executive function?

    <p>Inability to apply effective mental strategies during problem-solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding individual differences in executive function?

    <p>Executive function abilities tend to be stable over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is utilization deficiency?

    <p>Strategy use that does not lead to improved problem-solving performance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT significantly influence executive function abilities?

    <p>Age of the individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connection exists between strategies, production deficiency, and utilization deficiency?

    <p>All represent variations in the ability to implement effective strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does hardware play in the information-processing theories of cognitive development?

    <p>It represents the capacity and speed of memory systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes sensory memory?

    <p>Sensory registers that immediately process incoming information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the modern information-processing approach, what does attention refer to?

    <p>Focusing on selected information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do top-down and bottom-up processing differ?

    <p>Top-down relies on past experiences while bottom-up begins with external stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the modern information-processing approach focuses on the output generated after cognitive processing?

    <p>Response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of memory is defined as relatively permanent storage?

    <p>Long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which processes are involved in short-term working memory?

    <p>Rehearsal, attention, retrieval strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is emphasized by top-down processing in the context of cognitive development?

    <p>Directing attention based on stored experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Children's Thinking Homework 7 Answers

    • Information-processing theories use computer analogies to describe children's cognitive development. Hardware is similar to children's memory capacity and processing speed, software is seen in their ability to utilize strategies.

    • Modern information-processing approach (Figure 7.1B) includes:

      • Stimulus information: Input from the environment.
      • Sensory Memory: Initial processing of sights, sounds, etc.
      • Attention: Focusing on specific information.
      • Short-term working memory: Temporary processing with rehearsal, coding, decisions and retrieval.
      • Long-term Memory: Permanent storage.
      • Response: Output based on processed information

    • Top-down processing: Experiences and long-term memory guide attention. Examples: recognizing a friend in a crowd, thinking of a fun experience.

    • Bottom-up processing: Information detected by senses guides attention. Examples: recognizing a familiar face, noticing vivid color in a picture.

    • Three facets of cognition:

      • Limited resource capacity: Processing limited to a certain amount of information at a given time.
      • Automatic processes: Require little attention, effortless.
      • Effortful processes: Require much attention.

    • Individual Differences in Executive Function:

      • Abilities affected by higher-order cognitive skills (reading, math, theory of mind).
      • Influenced by genetics, environment (exercise, mother-child interactions).
      • Generally stable over time, but some training can help.

    • Strategies, Production Deficiency, and Utilization Deficiency:

      • Strategies: Deliberate mental processes for problem-solving.
      • Production deficiency: Inability to utilize effective strategies.
      • Utilization deficiency: Strategy use doesn't improve performance. All relate to solving problems.

    • Adaptive strategy choice: Strategy changes with developing mental abilities.

    • Mnemonics, Rehearsal, Organization:

      • Mnemonics: Memory aids.
      • Rehearsal: Repeating information for retention.
      • Organization: Combining information into categories.

    • Factors influencing children's strategy use:

    • Mental capacity: Processing resources.

    • Knowledge base: Relevant prior information.

    • Metacognition: Understanding one's thinking.

    • Problem solving and goal-directed behavior:

      • Problem solving: Goal, obstacles, strategies, and result evaluation.
      • Goal-directed behavior: Demonstrating problem-solving.
      • Children exhibit goal-directed behavior from around 8 months old.

    • Reasoning and Problem-solving:

      • Reasoning: Inferring beyond given information
      • Analogical reasoning: Utilizing known knowledge to understand the unknown.
      • Relational mapping: Applying known relations between things.

    • Relational Shift:

      • Shifts from perceptual similarity to relational similarity in problem-solving.
      • Key aspect of analogical reasoning.
      • Related to knowledge and metacognition.
      • Critical Factor for Scientific Reasoning: Evidence.

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    Children's Thinking Homework 7 - ANSWERS PDF

    Description

    This quiz delves into the information-processing theories of children's cognitive development, highlighting concepts such as sensory memory, attention, and the differences between top-down and bottom-up processing. It covers essential components like stimulus information, short-term and long-term memory, and the role of experiences in cognitive processing.

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