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Questions and Answers
What is the primary goal of the Just Desserts model in the criminal justice system?
What is the primary goal of the Just Desserts model in the criminal justice system?
Which statement best reflects the effectiveness of the Just Desserts model in reducing reoffending?
Which statement best reflects the effectiveness of the Just Desserts model in reducing reoffending?
What key principle characterized the Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908?
What key principle characterized the Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908?
What is one potential negative outcome of the Just Desserts approach to sentencing?
What is one potential negative outcome of the Just Desserts approach to sentencing?
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What dual approach does the ideal sentencing model aim to incorporate?
What dual approach does the ideal sentencing model aim to incorporate?
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What factor can influence a child's likelihood to lie?
What factor can influence a child's likelihood to lie?
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Which statement accurately reflects the understanding of lying cues in children compared to adults?
Which statement accurately reflects the understanding of lying cues in children compared to adults?
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What role may parents play in a child's decision to lie?
What role may parents play in a child's decision to lie?
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What is one method suggested for assessing a child's honesty?
What is one method suggested for assessing a child's honesty?
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Which of the following is a reason children might lie?
Which of the following is a reason children might lie?
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Who ultimately decides whether a child can testify in court?
Who ultimately decides whether a child can testify in court?
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What is a major concern when considering child testimony in court?
What is a major concern when considering child testimony in court?
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At what age can children typically begin to tell when another child is lying?
At what age can children typically begin to tell when another child is lying?
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What can hinder a child from providing testimony in court?
What can hinder a child from providing testimony in court?
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Why might two judges come to different conclusions about a child's capability to testify?
Why might two judges come to different conclusions about a child's capability to testify?
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What does the phrase 'he said vs she said' imply in the context of child testimony?
What does the phrase 'he said vs she said' imply in the context of child testimony?
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How do societal factors influence the perception of children's testimonies?
How do societal factors influence the perception of children's testimonies?
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What was a primary focus of the Young Offenders Act introduced in 1982?
What was a primary focus of the Young Offenders Act introduced in 1982?
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What is a significant factor that judges might lack when evaluating children's testimonies?
What is a significant factor that judges might lack when evaluating children's testimonies?
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Which of the following statements about the Youth Criminal Justice Act is accurate?
Which of the following statements about the Youth Criminal Justice Act is accurate?
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Which principle emphasizes recognizing individual differences in offenders during intervention?
Which principle emphasizes recognizing individual differences in offenders during intervention?
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What is the purpose of risk assessment instruments in youth rehabilitation?
What is the purpose of risk assessment instruments in youth rehabilitation?
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What change occurred regarding youth incarceration rates under the Young Offenders Act?
What change occurred regarding youth incarceration rates under the Young Offenders Act?
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What does the term 'dynamic risk factors' refer to in the context of youth rehabilitation?
What does the term 'dynamic risk factors' refer to in the context of youth rehabilitation?
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What was one major criticism of the approach taken by the Young Offenders Act?
What was one major criticism of the approach taken by the Young Offenders Act?
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Which of the following elements was emphasized in the Youth Criminal Justice Act for interventions?
Which of the following elements was emphasized in the Youth Criminal Justice Act for interventions?
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What major change occurred in Canada regarding children testifying in court after 2006?
What major change occurred in Canada regarding children testifying in court after 2006?
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What is a common misconception regarding children and their understanding of promises?
What is a common misconception regarding children and their understanding of promises?
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What assumption is made about adults when they testify in court?
What assumption is made about adults when they testify in court?
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What does recent research question about asking children to promise to tell the truth?
What does recent research question about asking children to promise to tell the truth?
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Which of the following is true regarding the truth-lie research involving children?
Which of the following is true regarding the truth-lie research involving children?
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What does the premise behind the truth-lie research primarily address?
What does the premise behind the truth-lie research primarily address?
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Which of the following illustrates the findings from the Temptation Resistance Paradigm?
Which of the following illustrates the findings from the Temptation Resistance Paradigm?
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What does the legal reform focus on regarding children's testimony in Canada?
What does the legal reform focus on regarding children's testimony in Canada?
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Study Notes
Just Desserts Model
- The Just Desserts model emphasizes retribution and punishment as the primary goals of sentencing.
- This approach focuses on the severity of the crime committed and the offender's culpability, aiming for proportionate punishment.
- The model's effectiveness in reducing reoffending is debated; evidence suggests it might not be particularly effective.
Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908
- The act emphasized a "parens patriae" principle, where the state acts as a parent to protect children.
- It focused on rehabilitative measures for young offenders, emphasizing their upbringing and individual circumstances.
Negative Outcomes of the Just Desserts Approach
- The Just Desserts approach can lead to harsher sentences for young offenders, potentially increasing recidivism rates.
Ideal Sentencing Model
- The ideal sentencing model aims to balance retributive elements with rehabilitative approaches.
- It seeks to address both the need for punishment and the potential for offender rehabilitation.
Factors Influencing Children's Lies
- Children are more likely to lie when they fear punishment or negative consequences.
- They may also lie to protect themselves or others, or to gain a desired outcome.
Children's Understanding of Lying Cues
- Children generally have difficulty understanding lying cues as effectively as adults.
- They can often be misled by appearances and verbal cues, leading to incorrect judgments about truthfulness.
Parental Role in Child's Lying
- Parents' behavior significantly influences a child's decision to lie.
- Children who witness or experience dishonesty are more likely to lie themselves.
Assessing a Child's Honesty
- One suggested method for assessing a child's honesty involves observing their consistency over time in their accounts.
- This approach examines if their story is consistent throughout interactions and over time.
Reasons Why Children Might Lie
- Children might lie to avoid punishment, gain rewards, impress others, or protect themselves or others.
Deciding Child Witness Capability
- The judge ultimately decides whether a child can testify in court.
Concerns Regarding Child Testimony
- A major concern is the potential for manipulation or suggestibility in child witnesses due to their age.
- It raises concerns about the reliability of their testimony.
Detecting Lies by Children
- Children typically begin to understand when another child is lying around the age of 7.
Hindering Child Testimony
- Factors that can hinder a child from providing testimony include fear, anxiety, trauma, or the inability to express themselves effectively.
Judge's Disagreement on Child's Testimony
- Two judges may reach different conclusions about a child's capability to testify due to differing interpretations of their behavior, communication, and comprehension.
'He Said Vs She Said' Implication
- "He said vs she said" implies a lack of corroborating evidence in a case involving a child's testimony.
Societal Factors Influencing Children's Testimony
- Societal factors like stereotypes and biases can impact how seriously child witnesses are taken and how their testimonies are perceived.
Young Offenders Act (1982)
- The primary focus was on rehabilitative measures with an emphasis on community-based programs.
Judge's Lack of Information for Child Testimony Evaluation
- A significant factor that judges might lack is the child's developmental stage and understanding of the situation.
Youth Criminal Justice Act (2002)
- It de-emphasized incarceration and aimed for more individualized interventions.
Principle of Individualized Intervention
- The principle of "individualized intervention" highlights the importance of tailoring rehabilitation programs to the specific needs and circumstances of each offender.
Risk Assessment Instruments in Youth Rehabilitation
- Risk assessment instruments assess the risk of re-offending for youth offenders.
- They help in tailoring rehabilitation programs to target specific risk factors.
Youth Incarceration Rates under YOA
- The Young Offenders Act led to a decrease in youth incarceration rates compared to the previous system.
Dynamic Risk Factors in Youth Rehabilitation
- Dynamic risk factors refer to changeable aspects of an offender's life that influence their likelihood of re-offending.
- These factors include their behavior, temperament, relationships, and skills.
Criticism of the Young Offenders Act
- A criticism of the Young Offenders Act was that it was too lenient and failed to adequately deter criminal behavior.
YCJ Act Emphasis for Interventions
- The Youth Criminal Justice Act emphasized restorative justice approaches and reintegration into the community for interventions.
Children Testifying in Court after 2006
- After 2006, changes to the legal framework brought renewed attention to the significance of children's testimonies in Canadian courts.
Misconception about Children and Promises
- A common misconception is that children understand promises in the same way that adults do. This belief fails to consider their developmental stages and understanding of the concept of "truthfulness".
Assumption about Adults' Testimony
- Adults testifying in court are typically presumed capable of understanding the gravity of their oath and the importance of truthfulness.
Recent Research on Asking Children to Promise to Tell the Truth
- Recent research questions the effectiveness of asking children to promise to tell the truth, suggesting it might not always be an effective method for encouraging truthful accounts.
Truth-Lie Research on Children
- Research has found that children often struggle to differentiate between truth and lies, especially in complex situations.
Truth-Lie Research Premise
- The premise of the truth-lie research focuses on understanding how children develop the ability to distinguish between truth and lies and the factors that influence their understanding.
The Temptation Resistance Paradigm
- This paradigm studies children's resistance to temptations to lie.
- Research suggests that children who have better self-control are less likely to lie.
Legal Reform Focus on Children's Testimony
- Legal reform is focused on improving the understanding of children's abilities and vulnerabilities when they testify in court.
- The goal is to ensure that children's testimony is reliable and treated fairly.
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Description
This quiz explores the complexities of children testifying in judicial settings, including their cognitive development, the influence of parental figures, and the challenges faced by judges in understanding child competency. It highlights the significance of child testimony in legal proceedings and the potential impact on justice outcomes.