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Questions and Answers
What percentage of childhood cancers are accounted for by leukemia?
At what age range does the incidence of ALL peak in children?
Which type of leukemia is characterized by equally occurring cases among both sexes?
Which symptom is specifically related to a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs) in children with leukemia?
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What factor is considered most important for the prognosis of children diagnosed with ALL?
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What is the main treatment for childhood leukemia?
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Which statement is true regarding the staging of leukemia in comparison to other cancers?
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What is a common characteristic of Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia (JMML) in children?
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What is the primary goal during the induction phase of treatment for ALL?
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Which type of leukemia is primarily considered a disease of older adults?
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What treatment is suggested for CLL patients who are asymptomatic?
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What risk does leukemia treatment pose for women who are pregnant?
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What potential late effect is commonly observed in adult survivors of childhood leukemia?
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What is the significance of clinical trials for children with leukemia?
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What are CAR T-cell therapy and monoclonal antibody therapy classified as?
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Why must children with leukemia be treated in specialized facilities?
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What is the approximate 5-year survival rate for children with ALL?
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What should guide treatment strategies for older CLL patients according to recommendations?
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Which therapy has become the preferred first-line treatment for CLL?
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What issue may arise from the treatment of childhood leukemia as they reach adulthood?
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Which of the following is a challenge in diagnosing leukemia during pregnancy?
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What secondary effects are associated with leukemia treatment in childhood?
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What role does research play in the treatment of leukemia?
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What additional health issues do adult survivors of childhood leukemias experience due to previous treatments?
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What is considered the immediate goal of care for pediatric patients diagnosed with leukemia?
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What is a potential consequence of emotion-based care in pediatric leukemia patients?
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In promoting physical exercise for pediatric patients undergoing leukemia treatment, nurses should consider which of the following factors?
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What is a common characteristic of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older adults?
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What is a significant factor affecting older adults' response to induction chemotherapy for AML?
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What has research indicated as a safer treatment approach for older adults with AML?
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What is one of the main challenges in treating older adults with AML?
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Study Notes
Childhood Leukemia
- Leukemia accounts for almost one-third of cancers diagnosed in children.
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common type.
- Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is the second most common type.
- ALL is more common among Hispanic and white children than African American and Asian children.
- ALL is more common in boys than girls.
- AML is present in equal amounts between boys and girls across all races.
- Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare form of leukemia occurring most often in children under age 4.
- There are currently no screening procedures or blood tests to identify leukemia before symptoms.
- Common symptoms include: weakness, fatigue, dizziness, headache, pallor (decreased RBCs), infection, fever, easy bruising, bleeding (decreased WBCs and platelets), bone or joint pain, weight loss, anorexia, swollen lymph nodes, and swelling of the face and arms.
- Age at diagnosis and initial WBC count are the most important prognostic factors.
- Children aged 1 to 9 years with B-cell ALL have better cure rates.
- Children diagnosed with AML younger than 2 years have a better prognosis.
- The main treatment for childhood leukemia is chemotherapy.
- ALL is treated in three phases: induction, consolidation, and maintenance.
- AML is treated in two phases: induction and consolidation.
- Children with leukemia must be treated in experienced facilities due to risks from intensive treatment.
- Stem cell transplantation (SCT) may be used for higher-risk leukemias like JMML.
- The 5-year survival rates for children with ALL and AML are approximately 91% and 66%, respectively.
- Research is ongoing in understanding the link between DNA changes in stem cells and leukemia development and how it impacts treatment.
- Immunotherapy treatments like chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy and monoclonal antibody therapy show promise in treating ALL.
Challenges for Childhood Leukemia Survivors
- Treatment for childhood leukemia can lead to long-term effects, including chronic conditions and premature death, such as chronic fatigue, heart problems, growth hormone deficiency, infertility, osteoporosis, secondary cancers, obesity, and hypertension.
- Survivors have a higher incidence of chronic fatigue starting as early as 16 years after treatment completion.
- It is important for nurses to promote healthy habits and lifestyle choices to help survivors minimize future health challenges.
Leukemia in Pregnant Women
- AML is one of the most common hematologic cancers diagnosed in pregnant women.
- Treatment during pregnancy is challenging due to the teratogenic effects of chemotherapy and targeted therapies on the fetus, especially in the first trimester.
- Delaying treatment may be risky for the mother, and termination of pregnancy may be necessary to save her life.
Leukemia in Older Adults
- Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is considered a disease of older adults, with a median age of onset of 70 years.
- Most patients are diagnosed in the early stages and can remain asymptomatic for years.
- A Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment (CGA) is recommended for patients 65 years or older to assist in treatment selection.
- Treatment is given only to patients with symptoms of active disease.
- Ibrutinib has become the preferred first-line treatment.
- Combination therapies using chemotherapeutic agents and targeted therapies have shown greater progression-free survival rates.
- Clinical trials are investigating other combination therapy regimens.
AML in Older Adults
- AML is the second most common type of leukemia in adults, with a median age at diagnosis of 67 years.
- Older adults have a 5-year survival rate of 5% due to limitations in treatment options.
- Treatment is highly individualized.
- Older adults may respond poorly to induction chemotherapy.
- Venetoclax in combination with lower-dose chemotherapy is a safer and more effective approach for older adults with AML.
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Description
Explore key information about childhood leukemia, including types, prevalence among different demographics, and common symptoms. This quiz delves into acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML). Test your knowledge on this critical childhood health issue.