Child vs. Adult Development Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What do developmentalists study when looking at child development?

Increases or improvements in children's development.

What do developmentalists study when looking at adult physical health?

Loss of function or decline in adults' physical functioning

Which of the following is an example of primary aging?

Grey hair

Wrinkles

Reduced visual acuity

All of the above (correct)

What is secondary aging?

Age-related changes that are due to social and environmental influences, poor health habits, or disease Signup and view all the answers

Health status of populations can only be measured by looking at mortality rates.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does HALE stand for?

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the strongest predictors of life expectancy in Canada and the US, according to the provided text?

Socioeconomic status Signup and view all the answers

Life expectancy in Canada and the US tends to decrease as income increases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What are social determinants of health?

Adverse living conditions, non-medical treatments or lifestyle choices, that shape health outcomes disparities Signup and view all the answers

Social determinants of health account for 25% of our health outcomes.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is biological embedding?

Social circumstances in the first few years of a child's life can cause epigenetic modifications in the brain and body systems that determine the trajectory for better or worse. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a major factor impacting our health according to the provided text?

Geographical location Signup and view all the answers

The brain reaches its full size and weight by the time we reach our mid-twenties.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the continued development of the frontal lobes into early adulthood?

Myelination Signup and view all the answers

The brain becomes less flexible and adaptable throughout adulthood.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?

Grey matter consists of unmyelinated cell bodies and short axons, while white matter comprises myelinated axons. Signup and view all the answers

The prefrontal cortex is the last part of the brain to fully mature.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the frontal lobes in early adulthood?

To regulate the limbic system, the emotional part of the brain. Signup and view all the answers

The gradual decline in physical functioning that occurs in early adulthood is primarily due to secondary aging.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thymus gland?

To create mature T cells, which protect against internal threats. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies against disease organisms?

B cells Signup and view all the answers

T cells decline in both number and efficiency as we age.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the gut microbiota, and why is it important?

The gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem of microorganisms residing in the digestive tract; it plays a critical role in digestion, immunity, and brain health. Signup and view all the answers

Exercise capability begins to decline around the age of 25.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is VO2 max?

A measure of aerobic capacity, which declines about 1% per year after 35-40, indicating a decline in physical fitness. Signup and view all the answers

At what age does fertility typically peak?

Late teens and early twenties Signup and view all the answers

Reproductive capacity declines more slowly for individuals who produce sperm than for individuals who ovulate.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a good health habit according to the provided text?

Regularly consuming caffeine Signup and view all the answers

Adults with strong social support typically have a greater risk of developing chronic diseases.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between an internal and external locus of control?

Internal locus of control believes in personal control over health, while external locus of control believes in external factors influencing health. Signup and view all the answers

Individuals with an internal locus of control generally benefit less from medication than those with an external locus of control.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five most common types of personality disorders in young adults?

Schizoid Signup and view all the answers

What is crystallized intelligence?

Knowledge and skills accumulated through education, cultural experiences, and learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is fluid intelligence?

The ability to solve novel problems, reason abstractly, and think quickly, independent of learned knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

Crystallized intelligence typically declines with age.

False Signup and view all the answers

Fluid intelligence typically increases with age.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the three theoretical perspectives on young adult development discussed in the text?

Piaget Cognitive Development Signup and view all the answers

What is Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

Young adults must find a life partner or supportive friends from outside their own family to share their life, or face the prospect of being isolated from society. Signup and view all the answers

What is intimacy, according to Erikson?

The capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self. Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what are two important characteristics of a healthy intimate relationship?

Open communication and emotional support, a sense of independence Signup and view all the answers

Individuals who did not successfully develop a sense of identity in adolescence are likely to find it difficult to form healthy intimate relationships in young adulthood.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is Levinson's Life Structure?

All the roles an individual occupies, all his relationships, and the conflicts and balance that exist among them. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three phases in Levinson's model?

Novice phase, Mid-Era phase, Culmination phase Signup and view all the answers

What is Arnett's Emerging Adulthood?

The period from late teens to early twenties, characterized by exploration and identity development. Signup and view all the answers

Emerging adulthood is a universal phase of development across all cultures.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of evolutionary theories of partner selection?

Parental investment theory suggests that men and women have different investments in childrearing and therefore different goals in choosing mates. Signup and view all the answers

Evolutionary theorists believe that mate preferences are solely determined by genetic factors.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is social role theory?

Sex differences are adaptations to gender roles that result from present-day social realities rather than from natural selection pressures that arose in a bygone era. Signup and view all the answers

What does the evolutionary perspective completely ignore?

Social and cultural influences on gender and partnerships, conflating gender differences with innate sex differences. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor impacting marriage quality?

Physical attractiveness Signup and view all the answers

Shyness has been found to be associated with effective communication skills in relationships.

False Signup and view all the answers

Extraversion is generally associated with better communication and higher marital satisfaction.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is Gottman's research known for?

Research into couples' communication and marriage quality, emphasizing communication and engagement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the four horsemen of the apocalypse, according to Gottman?

Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling Signup and view all the answers

Communication plays a crucial role in determining marriage quality.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four personality types in communication?

Manipulative Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of attachment in intimate relationships?

Adults bring into their relationships internal models of intimate relationships established from their parental attachment. Signup and view all the answers

There is a direct link between parental attachment and intimate partner attachment.

False Signup and view all the answers

How does parenthood impact psychological well-being?

It can cause a significant shift in parental relationship quality. Signup and view all the answers

After the birth of a child, mothers are more likely to experience negative feelings than fathers.

True Signup and view all the answers

What does the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model (VSA) state?

People's personal vulnerabilities, coupled with stressful situations outside the relationship, impact communication in relationships and ultimately relationship quality. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mental health concern for individuals who give birth?

Postpartum PTSD Signup and view all the answers

Approximately 85% of individuals experience a traumatic birth.

False Signup and view all the answers

There is a higher rate of mental health difficulties in individuals from marginalized groups.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is resiliency, and what are the implications for mental health?

Resiliency in one domain may not translate to other domains; high psychological functioning can be linked to poorer physiological well-being, particularly among marginalized youth. Signup and view all the answers

Brain volume starts to shrink in the 30s or 40s, and the rate of shrinkage slows down after age 60.

False Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following brain areas shrink faster than others in middle adulthood?

Prefrontal cortex, Cerebellum, Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

The cerebral cortex thickens with age.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the "last in, first out" theory of brain aging?

The brain areas that developed last are the first to show signs of decline in middle adulthood. Signup and view all the answers

What are association fibres, and what happens to them with age?

They are nerve fibres that connect different areas of the brain, and they show the steepest functional decline with age. Signup and view all the answers

Neuronal shrinkage and retraction of dendrites are common processes during middle adulthood.

True Signup and view all the answers

The number of synapses remains relatively constant in middle adulthood.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of white matter volume in the brain?

Allows for exchange of information and communication between different areas of your brain. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

CSF provides buoyancy to protect the brain and spinal cord, transports nutrients and hormones, and removes waste products. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the differences between middle-aged adults and younger adults in cognitive tasks?

Middle-aged adults' brains use different strategies for cognitive tasks than younger adults' brains. Signup and view all the answers

What is Denney's model of physical and cognitive aging?

It proposes that changes in physical or cognitive functioning follow a typical curve, with unexercised abilities reaching a lower peak than exercised abilities. Signup and view all the answers

What is Baltes' model of selective optimization with compensation?

It focuses on balancing gains and losses associated with aging by optimizing skills, using compensatory strategies, and selecting specific tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is crystallized knowledge?

Facts and general knowledge that increase with age, representing the accumulation of life experience and learning. Signup and view all the answers

What is fluid knowledge?

The ability to solve new problems and think flexibly, which typically declines with age. Signup and view all the answers

What is semantic memory?

Long-term memory for facts, general knowledge, and concepts. Signup and view all the answers

What is episodic memory?

Memory of our own personal experiences and events. Signup and view all the answers

What is menopause?

The cessation of the menstrual cycle, typically occurring during middle adulthood for biologically female individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the postmenopausal phase?

The period after menopause, defined as when an individual has not had a menstrual period for a year or more. Signup and view all the answers

What is osteoporosis, and why is it a concern?

Loss of calcium from bones, accelerating in women during menopause due to decreased estrogen levels. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Child Development vs. Adult Physical Health Development

Developmentalists study child development by examining improvements and increases.
Developmentalists study adult physical functioning by focusing on loss of function or decline.

Primary Aging

Universal, biological processes contributing to age-related physical changes.
Examples include grey hair, wrinkles, and reduced vision.

Secondary Aging

Influenced by social, environmental, and behavioral factors resulting in health disparities.
Age-related changes due to lifestyle choices, disease, and social/ environmental factors

Health Status of Populations

Measured by indicators assessing quality of life, like Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE).

Health-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

Average years lived in good health.
Population-based measure, not individual-specific.
Values change over time.

Life Expectancy and Inequality

Socioeconomic status is a powerful predictor of life expectancy in Canada and the US (e.g., ZIP code).
Income disparities impact life expectancy significantly. At age 25, the average difference in HALE between high and low income groups was 14.1 years for men and 9.5 years for women.

Adverse living conditions, lifestyle choices, and non-medical treatments significantly impact health outcomes.
Social determinants account for 75% of health outcomes.

Biological Embedding

Early-life social circumstances can lead to epigenetic modifications in the brain and body, shaping future health trajectories.

Environmental Impact on Health

Factors like food deserts, healthcare access, social/community context, neighborhood environment, and economic stability.

Brain and Nervous System in Early Adulthood (General)

Brain size stabilizes in late teens/early 20s.
Brain functions become localized.
Frontal lobe development continues.
Formal operational thinking capacity increases.

Grey and White Matter

Grey matter: unmyelinated cell bodies and axons.
White matter: myelinated axons.
Adulthood: stabilization of grey and white matter; maturation of the prefrontal cortex last.
Late adulthood: decline in grey matter density and white matter growth, impacting brain efficiency.

Brain and Nervous System in Early Adulthood (Emotional)

Frontal lobes develop capacity to regulate the limbic system (emotions).
Improved response inhibition for emotion regulation.

Body Systems in Early Adulthood

Gradual decline in physical function occurs throughout adulthood, primarily due to natural biological processes (primary aging).

Immune System Functioning in Early Adulthood

Thymus and bone marrow produce B cells and T cells.
Thymus size and mass decrease, increasing susceptibility to disease after adolescence.
Immune system efficiency may decline over time.

Thymus Gland & Bone Marrow

Thymus: critical for immune function, large in adolescence, shrinks by 45-50.
Bone marrow: produces B and immature T cells.

B Cells

Fight external threats (viruses, bacteria) by producing antibodies.

T Cells

Defend against internal threats (transplanted tissue, cancer, internal viruses).
T cell numbers and efficiency decline most with age.

Gut Microbiota

Influences reflexes, senses, digestion, and interacts with the brain.
Linked to neuropsychiatric and physical disorders.
Factors affecting microbiota include genetics, diet, stress, and environment.

Heart and Lungs in Early Adulthood

Exercise capacity declines ~1% per year after 35-40.
Age-related changes in function mostly occur during & after exercise.
Maximum oxygen uptake (VO2 max) important measure of aerobic capacity.
This declines gradually post 35-40 years.

Reproductive Capacity (Early Adulthood)

Fertility peaks in late teens/early twenties.
Ovulation can become intermittent in 30s for women.
Sperm production declines more slowly, typically allowing for child rearing later in life

Health Habits (Early Adulthood)

Poor health habits linked to higher mortality risk.
Five good habits: exercise, avoid smoking/excess drinking/poor nutrition/insufficient sleep.
Healthy habits in early adulthood can have significant lifetime impacts

Strong social networks associated with lower disease risk, death, and depression.

Sense of Control (Early Adulthood)

Internal locus of control (control over health).
External locus of control (outside forces/fate determine health).
Optimists may benefit more from treatments than pessimists.
Sense of control is also influenced by SES.

Five Most Common Personality Disorders in Young Adults

Antisocial (disregard for others).
Borderline (instability in relationships).
Histrionic (attention-seeking).
Narcissistic (need for admiration).
Obsessive-Compulsive (perfectionism, control).

Crystallized Intelligence

Knowledge and skills accumulated through learning and experience.
Generally remains stable or improves throughout adulthood.
Examples: vocabulary, reading comprehension, job skills.

Fluid Intelligence

Ability to solve novel problems, reason abstractly, and think quickly.
Decreases gradually from mid-30s/early 40s due to cognitive/neurological efficiency decline.
Examples: solving puzzles, identifying patterns, performing memory tasks.

Theoretical Perspectives

Erikson (Intimacy vs. Isolation).
Levinson (Life Structure).
Arnett (Emerging Adulthood).

Erikson: Intimacy vs. Isolation

Young adults establish intimate relationships or face social isolation.

Intimacy

Capacity for supportive, affectionate relationships without losing one's sense of self.

Important Characteristics of Erickson Stages

Partners share freely without fearing relationship ends.
Independence without threat to partner feelings.
Successful identity development is crucial for healthy intimacy.

Levinson: Life Structure

Individual's roles, relationships, conflicts, and their balance.
Cycles of stability and instability.

Levinson's Phases

Novice phase
Mid-era phase
Culmination phase

Arnett: Emerging Adulthood

Period between late teens/early 20s.
Cultural variations exist.
Adulthood attainment often viewed later (~25 in Canada/US).

Evolutionary Theories of Partner Selection

Focus on parental investment theory.
Different goals for partners between men and women are driven by differing investment levels in children.
These theories are sometimes used to justify misogynistic views.

Evolutionary Theorists

Mate preferences shaped by natural selection.
Women prioritize providers; genetic, not cultural.

Gender differences are social adaptations, more than innate.

Evolutionary Perspective's Limitations

Ignores social, cultural influences on gender/relationships.
Confuses gender differences with innate sex differences.

Factors Impacting Marriage Quality

Personality traits.
Conflict management strategies.
Communication.
Attachment styles.

Personality Traits

Shyness often linked to poor communication skills.
Extraversion may contribute to mutual relationship satisfaction.

Conflict Management

Studies focus on communication / engagement.
Gottman's "4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse" (Criticism, Contempt, Defensiveness, Stonewalling).

Communication

Vital for respect, trust, conflict resolution, and satisfaction.

Personality Types in Communication

Aggressive
Passive
Passive-Agressive
Assertive

Role of Attachment

Internal models of intimacy from childhood influence adult relationships.
Not a direct link between parental and intimate partner attachment.

Parenthood

Impacts psychological well-being (parental relationships, changes).
Negative feelings are more common in females than males after having children.

Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model (VSA)

Personal vulnerabilities (self-esteem, attachment) and external stressors influence relationships.

Postpartum Mental Health

Impacts sense of self, family relationships, bonding.
Can affect child development.
Most experience mood instability, but it often dissipates.
15% experience more severe, prolonged difficulties.

Postnatal PTSD

Roughly 6% of individuals diagnosed with PTSD after birth.
~33% experience a traumatic birth.
Risk factors include lack of control, prior trauma, and poor quality provider interaction.

Adversity and Mental Health Problems

Marginalized groups face higher rates of mental health difficulties (e.g., anxiety, depression in adults raised in poverty).
Different mental health development trajectories exist across demographics

Resiliency

Resiliency in one area may not translate to others.
Positive psychological functioning may correlate with poor physiological wellbeing, particularly among marginalized youth.

Brain and Nervous System Development (Middle Adulthood)

Brain volume declines (fastest around age 60).
Prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus show faster shrinkage.
Cerebral cortex thins.
"Last in, first out" theory of aging (brain areas mature later are affected first.
Association fibres show the steepest functional decline.

Neuronal Development (Middle Adulthood)

Neuron size shrinkage and dendrite retraction.
Myelin begins to deteriorate.
Net loss in synapses impacts learning and memory.

White Matter Volume

Essential for information exchange and communication between brain areas.

Grey Matter Volume

Crucial for information processing in sensation, perception, movement, learning, and speech.

CSF Volume

Protects and supports brain and spinal cord.
Transports nutrients and hormones, removes waste.

Studies Comparing Middle-Aged to Early Adults (Cognitive)

Middle-aged adults respond slower to tasks.
Larger brain areas activated during cognitive tasks in middle-aged individuals.
Brain becomes less strategic for tasks.

Denney's Model of Aging

Physical/cognitive changes follow a typical curve.
Unexercised abilities have lower peaks; exercised abilities maintain.

Baltes' Model of Selective Optimization with Compensation

Balances gains and losses of aging.
Optimize skills through practice/compensation for declines.
Selection: Focus attention to improve task efficiency.

Crystallized Knowledge

Increases with age; accumulated knowledge and facts.

Fluid Knowledge

Decreases as we age; ability to solve new problems.

Semantic Memory

Long-term knowledge (facts, general knowledge).

Episodic Memory

Memory of personal experiences.

Menopause

Cessation of menstruation in middle adulthood.

Perimenopause

Transition into menopause (40s; sometimes 30s).
Estrogen/progesterone levels fluctuate.
Irregular menstrual cycles.

Postmenopausal Phase

One year or more without a menstrual period.

Osteoporosis

Calcium loss in bones, begins ~30, accelerates at menopause due to hormonal changes.
Increased fracture risk, especially in women starting around 50.

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Description

This quiz explores the differences between child development and adult physical health, focusing on concepts such as primary and secondary aging. It examines how various factors influence health status and life expectancy across populations. Test your understanding of developmental and aging processes!

Child vs. Adult Development Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What do developmentalists study when looking at child development?

What do developmentalists study when looking at adult physical health?

Which of the following is an example of primary aging?

What is secondary aging?

Health status of populations can only be measured by looking at mortality rates.

What does HALE stand for?

What is one of the strongest predictors of life expectancy in Canada and the US, according to the provided text?

Life expectancy in Canada and the US tends to decrease as income increases.

What are social determinants of health?

Social determinants of health account for 25% of our health outcomes.

What is biological embedding?

Which of the following is NOT a major factor impacting our health according to the provided text?

The brain reaches its full size and weight by the time we reach our mid-twenties.

What is the term used to describe the continued development of the frontal lobes into early adulthood?

The brain becomes less flexible and adaptable throughout adulthood.

What is the difference between grey matter and white matter?

The prefrontal cortex is the last part of the brain to fully mature.

What is the main function of the frontal lobes in early adulthood?

The gradual decline in physical functioning that occurs in early adulthood is primarily due to secondary aging.

What is the main function of the thymus gland?

Which type of cell is responsible for producing antibodies against disease organisms?

T cells decline in both number and efficiency as we age.

What is the gut microbiota, and why is it important?

Exercise capability begins to decline around the age of 25.

What is VO2 max?

At what age does fertility typically peak?

Reproductive capacity declines more slowly for individuals who produce sperm than for individuals who ovulate.

Which of the following is NOT considered a good health habit according to the provided text?

Adults with strong social support typically have a greater risk of developing chronic diseases.

What is the difference between an internal and external locus of control?

Individuals with an internal locus of control generally benefit less from medication than those with an external locus of control.

Which of the following is NOT one of the five most common types of personality disorders in young adults?

What is crystallized intelligence?

What is fluid intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence typically declines with age.

Fluid intelligence typically increases with age.

Which of the following is NOT one of the three theoretical perspectives on young adult development discussed in the text?

What is Erikson's Intimacy vs. Isolation stage?

What is intimacy, according to Erikson?

According to Erikson, what are two important characteristics of a healthy intimate relationship?

Individuals who did not successfully develop a sense of identity in adolescence are likely to find it difficult to form healthy intimate relationships in young adulthood.

What is Levinson's Life Structure?

What are the three phases in Levinson's model?

What is Arnett's Emerging Adulthood?

Emerging adulthood is a universal phase of development across all cultures.

What is the focus of evolutionary theories of partner selection?

Evolutionary theorists believe that mate preferences are solely determined by genetic factors.

What is social role theory?

What does the evolutionary perspective completely ignore?

Which of the following is NOT a factor impacting marriage quality?

Shyness has been found to be associated with effective communication skills in relationships.

Extraversion is generally associated with better communication and higher marital satisfaction.

What is Gottman's research known for?

What are the four horsemen of the apocalypse, according to Gottman?

Communication plays a crucial role in determining marriage quality.

Which of the following is NOT one of the four personality types in communication?

What is the role of attachment in intimate relationships?

There is a direct link between parental attachment and intimate partner attachment.

How does parenthood impact psychological well-being?

After the birth of a child, mothers are more likely to experience negative feelings than fathers.

What does the Vulnerability-Stress-Adaptation Model (VSA) state?

What is the primary mental health concern for individuals who give birth?

Approximately 85% of individuals experience a traumatic birth.

There is a higher rate of mental health difficulties in individuals from marginalized groups.

What is resiliency, and what are the implications for mental health?

Brain volume starts to shrink in the 30s or 40s, and the rate of shrinkage slows down after age 60.

Which of the following brain areas shrink faster than others in middle adulthood?

The cerebral cortex thickens with age.

What is the "last in, first out" theory of brain aging?

What are association fibres, and what happens to them with age?

Neuronal shrinkage and retraction of dendrites are common processes during middle adulthood.

The number of synapses remains relatively constant in middle adulthood.

What is the role of white matter volume in the brain?

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Which statement accurately reflects the differences between middle-aged adults and younger adults in cognitive tasks?

What is Denney's model of physical and cognitive aging?