Child Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

_________ is a feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.

Emotion

Which of the following is not a primary emotion?

Interest

Pride (correct)

Surprise

Anger

Which of the following is considered a self-conscious emotion?

Pride (correct)

Sadness

Joy

Fear

The __________ cry is characterized by a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry.

basic Signup and view all the answers

When do infants first display a social smile?

Around four to six weeks of age Signup and view all the answers

Stranger anxiety occurs when infants show fear of

people they do not know Signup and view all the answers

The textbook states that separation protest peaked at about __________ months of age.

15 Signup and view all the answers

Easy, difficult, and slow to warm up are terms that Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas used to describe types of

temperament Signup and view all the answers

A baby who has a low activity level and low intensity of mood would have a(n) __________ temperament.

slow-to-warm-up Signup and view all the answers

A baby who generally has a positive mood and adapts easily to new experiences is considered a(n) ________ child.

easy Signup and view all the answers

Mary Rothbart and John Bates have developed a way of classifying infants' temperaments by focusing on

extraversion, negative affect, and effortful control Signup and view all the answers

The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with is called

goodness of fit Signup and view all the answers

According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by the stage of

trust versus mistrust Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Smithton smeared rouge on the noses of babies and placed them in front of a mirror to observe their reactions. He was studying the concept of

sense of self Signup and view all the answers

Social referencing is the term used to describe

"reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation Signup and view all the answers

According to John Bowlby, attachment depends on

the child being biologically equipped to elicit attachment behavior Signup and view all the answers

Based on Harry Harlow's studies with infant monkeys, what was the crucial factor in the attachment process?

contact comfort Signup and view all the answers

The Strange Situation test is an observational measure of

infant attachment Signup and view all the answers

After a separation with her mother, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine's attachment to her mother is

insecure resistant Signup and view all the answers

Reciprocal socialization occurs when

children and parents socialize each other Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of emotions with their characteristics:

Primary emotions = Present in humans, animals; appear in first 6 months of life Self-conscious emotions = Appear after 18 months of age; responses to reactions of others Signup and view all the answers

What is crying in infants considered?

the most important mechanism for communication Signup and view all the answers

What defines basic crying in infants?

Rhythmic, incited by hunger Signup and view all the answers

What is angry crying characterized by?

Excess air in vocal cords Signup and view all the answers

What defines pain crying in infants?

Louder, high pitched, sudden, longer Signup and view all the answers

What is reflexive smile in infants?

Natural, occurs 1 month after birth Signup and view all the answers

What defines a social smile in infants?

Response to external stimuli, occurs as early as 4 to 6 weeks Signup and view all the answers

What is stranger anxiety?

Fear, wariness of strangers Signup and view all the answers

What is separation protest?

Distress at being separated Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms to their descriptions:

Easy child = Positive mood, easily adapts Difficult child = Reacts negatively and cries frequently, resists change Slow-to-warm-up child = Low mood intensity, low activity level, somewhat negative Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Kagan's behavioral inhibition' refer to?

Shyness versus Sociability Signup and view all the answers

Match the following researchers to their theories:

Rothbart and Bates = Extraversion/surgency, negative affectivity, effortful control Erikson = Trust versus mistrust; attachment depends on trust Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes secure babies?

Positive, confident exploration Signup and view all the answers

What defines insecure-avoidant babies?

Little interaction with caregiver, no distress Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes insecure-resistant babies?

Clings to caregiver and then resists Signup and view all the answers

What defines insecure disorganized babies?

Disoriented and dazed Signup and view all the answers

What is observed about German babies regarding attachment?

More avoidant; caregivers encourage independence Signup and view all the answers

What is observed regarding Japanese babies and attachment?

More resistant; caregivers never leave them Signup and view all the answers

What is reciprocal socialization?

Socialization is bidirectional - parents socialize children, and children socialize parents Signup and view all the answers

What is scaffolding in child development?

Support modified to suit children's level of development Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Emotions and Temperament

Emotion refers to feelings connected to significant states or interactions that impact a person's well-being.
Pride is classified as a self-conscious emotion, distinct from primary emotions like joy and fear.
Primary emotions appear within the first six months of life and include surprise, anger, and discomfort.
Self-conscious emotions, such as guilt and empathy, develop after 18 months, reliant on self-awareness and social responses.

Basic crying is rhythmic, indicating hunger, while pain crying is loud and high-pitched.
Social smiles emerge around four to six weeks as responses to external stimuli.
Stranger anxiety typically intensifies between nine to twelve months, influenced by social contexts.
Separation protest peaks at about 15 months, reflecting distress during separations from caregivers.

Temperament Types

Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas identified three temperament types: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
- Easy children exhibit positive moods and adaptability.
- Difficult children show negative reactions and irregular behavior.
- Slow-to-warm-up children have low mood intensity and activity levels.

Developmental Psychology and Attachment

Erik Erikson's first stage (trust vs. mistrust) highlights the significance of positive caregiver interactions in infancy.
John Bowlby postulated that attachments are biologically driven and formed through innate predispositions.
Contact comfort, revealed in Harlow's studies with monkeys, is crucial for secure attachment.

Attachment Styles

The Strange Situation test by Mary Ainsworth categorizes attachment into secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized.
- Secure attachment indicates positive exploration behaviors.
- Insecure-avoidant shows minimal interaction and no distress toward caregivers.
- Insecure-resistant reveals clinging behavior followed by resistance upon reunion.
- Insecure-disorganized involves confusion and disorientation.

Cultural Influences on Attachment

German infants tend to exhibit more avoidant behaviors due to caregivers promoting independence.
Japanese infants often display more resistant attachments linked to constant caregiver presence.

Socialization Processes

Reciprocal socialization emphasizes the bidirectional nature of interactions where both parents and children influence one another.
Scaffolding provides support tailored to a child's developmental needs, enhancing learning and growth.
Social referencing refers to the ability of infants to interpret emotional cues from others, affecting their responses to situations.

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Explore important concepts in child psychology with these flashcards covering Chapter 7. Test your understanding of emotions, primary feelings, and self-conscious emotions through engaging questions. Perfect for students and educators to reinforce learning!