Questions and Answers
_________ is a feeling, or affect, that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to him or her, especially to his or her well-being.
Emotion
Which of the following is not a primary emotion?
Which of the following is considered a self-conscious emotion?
The __________ cry is characterized by a rhythmic pattern that usually consists of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is somewhat higher in pitch than the main cry.
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When do infants first display a social smile?
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Stranger anxiety occurs when infants show fear of
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The textbook states that separation protest peaked at about __________ months of age.
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Easy, difficult, and slow to warm up are terms that Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas used to describe types of
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A baby who has a low activity level and low intensity of mood would have a(n) __________ temperament.
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A baby who generally has a positive mood and adapts easily to new experiences is considered a(n) ________ child.
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Mary Rothbart and John Bates have developed a way of classifying infants' temperaments by focusing on
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The match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with is called
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According to Erik Erikson, the first year of life is characterized by the stage of
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Dr. Smithton smeared rouge on the noses of babies and placed them in front of a mirror to observe their reactions. He was studying the concept of
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Social referencing is the term used to describe
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According to John Bowlby, attachment depends on
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Based on Harry Harlow's studies with infant monkeys, what was the crucial factor in the attachment process?
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The Strange Situation test is an observational measure of
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After a separation with her mother, baby Elaine cries as if she wants to be held. When her mother picks her up, though, Elaine pushes away with both arms and turns her head away. Mary Ainsworth would say that Elaine's attachment to her mother is
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Reciprocal socialization occurs when
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Match the following types of emotions with their characteristics:
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What is crying in infants considered?
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What defines basic crying in infants?
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What is angry crying characterized by?
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What defines pain crying in infants?
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What is reflexive smile in infants?
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What defines a social smile in infants?
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What is stranger anxiety?
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What is separation protest?
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Match the following terms to their descriptions:
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What does 'Kagan's behavioral inhibition' refer to?
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Match the following researchers to their theories:
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What characterizes secure babies?
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What defines insecure-avoidant babies?
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What characterizes insecure-resistant babies?
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What defines insecure disorganized babies?
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What is observed about German babies regarding attachment?
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What is observed regarding Japanese babies and attachment?
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What is reciprocal socialization?
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What is scaffolding in child development?
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Study Notes
Understanding Emotions and Temperament
- Emotion refers to feelings connected to significant states or interactions that impact a person's well-being.
- Pride is classified as a self-conscious emotion, distinct from primary emotions like joy and fear.
- Primary emotions appear within the first six months of life and include surprise, anger, and discomfort.
- Self-conscious emotions, such as guilt and empathy, develop after 18 months, reliant on self-awareness and social responses.
Infant Communication and Social Development
- Basic crying is rhythmic, indicating hunger, while pain crying is loud and high-pitched.
- Social smiles emerge around four to six weeks as responses to external stimuli.
- Stranger anxiety typically intensifies between nine to twelve months, influenced by social contexts.
- Separation protest peaks at about 15 months, reflecting distress during separations from caregivers.
Temperament Types
- Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas identified three temperament types: easy, difficult, and slow-to-warm-up.
- Easy children exhibit positive moods and adaptability.
- Difficult children show negative reactions and irregular behavior.
- Slow-to-warm-up children have low mood intensity and activity levels.
Developmental Psychology and Attachment
- Erik Erikson's first stage (trust vs. mistrust) highlights the significance of positive caregiver interactions in infancy.
- John Bowlby postulated that attachments are biologically driven and formed through innate predispositions.
- Contact comfort, revealed in Harlow's studies with monkeys, is crucial for secure attachment.
Attachment Styles
- The Strange Situation test by Mary Ainsworth categorizes attachment into secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized.
- Secure attachment indicates positive exploration behaviors.
- Insecure-avoidant shows minimal interaction and no distress toward caregivers.
- Insecure-resistant reveals clinging behavior followed by resistance upon reunion.
- Insecure-disorganized involves confusion and disorientation.
Cultural Influences on Attachment
- German infants tend to exhibit more avoidant behaviors due to caregivers promoting independence.
- Japanese infants often display more resistant attachments linked to constant caregiver presence.
Socialization Processes
- Reciprocal socialization emphasizes the bidirectional nature of interactions where both parents and children influence one another.
- Scaffolding provides support tailored to a child's developmental needs, enhancing learning and growth.
- Social referencing refers to the ability of infants to interpret emotional cues from others, affecting their responses to situations.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Explore important concepts in child psychology with these flashcards covering Chapter 7. Test your understanding of emotions, primary feelings, and self-conscious emotions through engaging questions. Perfect for students and educators to reinforce learning!