54 Questions
What is physical abuse?
Using physical force that can result in physical injury
Which behavior is an example of emotional abuse?
Name calling and shaming
What does neglect refer to?
Failing to meet a child's basic physical and emotional needs
What did the studies on corporal punishment reveal about parents who are likely to use spanking?
They are younger, less educated, of lower income, single, and/or more depressed and stressed
What percentage of family physicians supported mild spanking in some situations in 1992?
70%
What does sexual abuse involve?
Pressuring or forcing a child to engage in sexual acts
Which behavior harms a child's self-worth or emotional well-being?
Name calling and shaming
What is the main characteristic of neglect?
Failure to meet a child's basic needs
What percentage of pediatricians supported mild spanking in some situations in 1992?
59%
What is an example of physical abuse?
Hitting and kicking
What did the studies on corporal punishment reveal about parents who are likely to use spanking?
They are more depressed and stressed
What is an example of emotional abuse?
Name calling
Which of the following is considered neglect?
Failing to meet a child's basic physical and emotional needs
What does sexual abuse involve?
Pressuring or forcing a child to engage in sexual acts
What did the meta-analysis of 88 studies on corporal punishment find?
There is a negative relationship between normative physical punishment and children's mental health
What did the study of 2500 toddlers from low-income families predict about spanking and child behavior?
Younger maternal age, maternal depression, lower family income, and living alone predicted more frequent spanking and child aggressive behavior problems at age 2
According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, what happens to the effectiveness of spanking with subsequent use?
Spanking effectiveness decreases with subsequent use
What were the three factors identified to change parental beliefs about physical punishment in a positive way?
Help parents realize how their children feel when they are spanked; Have parents acknowledge their own childhood memories of being hit; Provide information and instruction through a supportive context to help parents adopt new approaches to disciplining their children
What did the study by Velente et al. 2005 find about similarities between boys and girls in terms of sexual abuse?
Boys experience similar consequences as girls including anxiety, denial, dissociation, and self-mutilation
What was reported about female sexual abuse in comparison to male sexual abuse?
Females reported greater prevalence and severity, more stress and self-blame, were more likely to disclose and receive positive reactions, and more likely to report PTSD symptoms
What percentage of the general male population has a history of sexual abuse according to the text?
8-16%
What was found about boys at high risk of sexual abuse?
Boys at high risk were unlikely to disclose history of abuse or deny the impact that abuse has on their lives
What is the function of cognitive processing in therapy for children who have experienced trauma?
To identify and correct unhelpful and inaccurate cognitions about the traumatic events
What is a recommended approach when facilitating detailed narratives from children in therapy?
Ask broad open-ended questions and make clarifying and reflective statements
What is the role of organizing the narrative in therapy for children who have experienced trauma?
Help child put chapters in chronological order and create a positive ending
What is one of the recommended ways to challenge unhelpful or inaccurate cognitions in children who have experienced trauma?
Employ role playing or experiential exercises
What are possible reactions of preschool-age children to chronic illness?
Limited initiative and compromised social skills
What is a possible reaction of school-age children to chronic illness?
Alienation from peers and low self worth
What is a possible reaction of adolescents to chronic illness?
Noncompliance with treatment and identity formation affected
What are potential traumas of illness and injury for the child and the family?
Financial burden and increased frequency of guilt
What are the possible reactions of infants (0-18 months) to hospitalization?
Greater sense of helplessness and disruption of attachment to caregivers
What are potential long-term effects on affect modulation and interpersonal relationships associated with acute/chronic illness?
Long-term effects on affect modulation and interpersonal relationships
What is a possible effect of parental distress on children's development?
Increased risk of PTSD development in children
Which psychotherapeutic approach emphasizes the connections between thoughts, feelings, and behaviors?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
Which therapy facilitates accessing traumatic memories to enhance information processing and forge new associations?
Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy
Which psychotherapeutic approach focuses on transference, countertransference, and the influence of the past on the present?
Psycho-dynamic psychotherapy
Which therapy offers non-verbal ways to access trauma and learn self-regulation?
Creative arts therapies
Which psychopharmacological agents address symptoms such as hyperarousal, sleep disturbances, and irritability in trauma treatment for children and adolescents?
$SSRIs$
What does the affective modulation component of TF-CBT focus on?
Understanding and appropriately expressing emotions
What is the main focus of the cognitive coping and processing component of TF-CBT?
Teaching the difference between accurate and inaccurate thoughts
Which psychotherapeutic approach involves bidirectional or multi-directional systems, often utilizing videofeedback?
Systemic and Parent-Child Therapy
What does trauma-focused cognitive behavioral therapy (TF-CBT) include components such as?
Psychoeducation, relaxation, affective modulation
What is the main focus of systemic therapy?
Recognizing recurring patterns in interpersonal relationships
What is an important aspect of family centered care?
Involvement of child, parent, family, and medical staff
What is a key component of pain management in children?
Regular assessment of pain
What is one way to support chronically ill children through child life programs?
Art and music therapy
What can help children cope with hospitalization, anxiety, and depression?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications
What is resilience defined as?
Good outcomes in spite of threats to adaptation
What enhances resilience in children?
Supportive adult-child relationships, mentorships, and building self-efficacy
What does education in child life programs help retain?
Routine and structure of everyday life
What is a focus of resources for parents in child-centered care?
Discussing a child's conceptualization of death by developmental stage
What is an example of a mental health intervention for children?
Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
What is a common element in various approaches to treatment of childhood trauma?
Having caring and supportive relationships
How are interventions tailored to developmental stages?
Tailoring interventions to the child's developmental stage
Study Notes
Child Life and Family Centered Care
- Family centered care involves child, parent, family, and medical staff, with parents considered integral and support provided for parents by medical staff and other parents
- Interventions include child-centered care, concern for the overall experience of the child and family, and partnership with children, young people, and parents in care
- Pain management involves regular assessment of pain in children, use of relaxation techniques, and pharmacological measures
- Education helps retain routine and structure of everyday life, collaboration with the child’s school, and open communication about the threat to life
- Interventions are tailored to developmental stages, such as maintaining consistent staff for infants and using transitional objects for toddlers
- Child life programs provide support for chronically ill children, including art and music therapy, to minimize disruption in their development
- Mental health interventions, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and medications, can help children cope with hospitalization, anxiety, and depression
- Resources for parents focus on discussing a child's conceptualization of death by developmental stage and promoting resilience and treatment
- Resilience is defined as good outcomes in spite of threats to adaptation, meeting developmental milestones, and adapting well in the face of adversity
- Factors that lead to resilience include biological, psychological, and social factors, and supportive adult-child relationships, mentorships, and building self-efficacy
- Common elements in various approaches to treatment of childhood trauma include having caring and supportive relationships, a positive view of oneself, and skills in communication and problem-solving
- Resilience is further enhanced by the capacity to make realistic plans, manage strong feelings and impulses, and strengthen adaptive skills and self-regulatory capacities
Prepare for your final exam on child maltreatment by learning about the different types, including physical abuse and sexual abuse. Understand the definitions and examples of each type to help you identify and address these serious issues.
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