Child development

• A cesarean delivery involves the surgical removal of a baby from the uterus, bypassing the birth canal.
• Operant conditioning is a learning process where voluntary responses are strengthened or weakened based on their association with positive or negative consequences.
• Neonates possess unlearned, organized, and involuntary responses called reflexes, which occur automatically in the presence of stimuli.
• The Apgar scale is a standard measurement system used to assess the health of newborns.
• A recessive trait is present within an organism but not visibly expressed.

Genetic Conditions

• The chances of mothers over 50 giving birth to babies with Down syndrome are approximately 1 in 4.
• A phenotype is an observable trait, one that is actually seen.
• Braxton-Hicks contractions, also known as "false labor," involve occasional uterine contractions after the fourth month of pregnancy.
• Roughly 38% of preterm infants encounter mild issues like learning disabilities or behavioral disorders by age 6.
• Dizygotic twins are twins who are not genetically identical.

Hormones

• High levels of androgen in males may lead to differences in brain structure and variations in gender-related behavior.
• Operant conditioning involves infants learning to act deliberately on their environment through punishment or reinforcement to achieve a desired outcome.
• Infants born before 38 weeks after conception are considered preterm.
• Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after 12 to 18 months of trying to become pregnant.
• Klinefelter's syndrome is a disorder in males caused by an extra X chromosome, resulting in underdeveloped genitals, extreme height, and enlarged breasts.

Diseases

• Mothers carrying AIDS can transmit the disease to their fetuses via blood reaching the placenta.
• Parents in the United States are more likely to encourage activity, while Asian parents are more likely to encourage passivity.
• Temperament refers to patterns of arousal and emotionality that represent consistent and enduring characteristics in an individual.
• The senses of touch, taste, and smell are well developed and reasonably sophisticated at birth.
• Regularly consuming two alcoholic drinks a day during pregnancy can have adverse effects on a child's intelligence, psychological functioning, and behavior.
• Prenatal care availability isn't a factor in the higher infant mortality rate in the United States.

Learning Types

• Classical conditioning is a type of learning where an organism responds to a neutral stimulus that typically does not elicit that response.
• A doula is a person versed in birthing alternatives who provides emotional, psychological, and educational support to the mother.
• Lanugo refers to the fine, dark fuzz that covers a newborn and soon disappears.
• Bonding involves close physical and emotional contact between parent and child immediately following birth.