Child Development Stages: Infancy to Preschool

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary event associated with developing basic trust during infancy?

Playing

Social interaction

Toilet training

Feeding (correct)

What virtue is developed during the Autonomy vs. Shame stage?

Will (correct)

Purpose

Hope

Courage

What main challenge does a child face during the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

Mastering new tasks and challenges (correct)

Conflicting feelings of independence and guilt

Establishing a sense of self-control

Building relationships with caregivers

How many primary teeth should a child have by age 3?

20 teeth Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Erikson's psychosocial development in the preschool years?

Achieving initiative Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of children is prominent during the preschool years?

Emerging socialization skills Signup and view all the answers

What existential question do preschool-aged children grapple with during the initiative vs. guilt stage?

Is it ok for me to do, move, and act? Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's theory, which stage corresponds to preschool-age children developing understanding through language and mental images?

Pre Operational Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary virtue associated with Erikson's crisis of integrity vs. despair?

Wisdom Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the state of despair in Erikson's psychosocial development theory?

A fear of death and a feeling of life's meaninglessness Signup and view all the answers

What does the US culture generally perceive death as?

A medical failure Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following is a common misunderstanding surrounding death?

Death is a reflection of one's life performance Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary learning objectives relating to death and dying?

To list barriers to achieving a 'desired' death Signup and view all the answers

Which feature of emerging adulthood relates to having a sense of instability?

Feeling in-between Signup and view all the answers

What major developmental task is characteristic of early adulthood according to Erikson's stages?

Intimacy vs. Isolation Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT typically a feature of the transition from adolescence to adulthood?

Increasing dependence on parents Signup and view all the answers

How can life circumstances impact a young adult's development?

They may create economic burdens. Signup and view all the answers

What common challenge might emerge during early adulthood related to parenthood?

Continual processes of letting go Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about adult friendships is true?

They may complicate the transition into parenthood. Signup and view all the answers

What is a virtue associated with the young adult stage in Erikson's theory?

Love Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental feature is typically observed across various cultures during the transition to adulthood?

Similar capacities in physical and emotional development Signup and view all the answers

What does Kubler-Ross identify as a major contributor to increased fear of death in modern society?

Modern technology Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of grief is characterized by feelings of bitterness and fear of death?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, what is the key characteristic of the integrity stage?

Satisfaction with life's productivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages of grief is NOT recognized as having a specific sequence?

Acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of 'bargaining' typically involve in Kubler-Ross's stages of grief?

Trying to negotiate for a better outcome Signup and view all the answers

What impact does Kubler-Ross suggest culture has on views of death?

Culture's values are often contrary to acceptance of death Signup and view all the answers

In Erikson's view, which of the following is an aspect of despair?

A sense that life has no purpose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with Kubler-Ross's view on the stages of grief?

People can experience multiple stages at once Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential prevalence of gender dysphoria among high school youth?

1.8% Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental stage do children aged 11-13 predominantly transition between according to Piaget?

Concrete operational and formal operational thinking Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals surveyed reported harassment in a medical setting?

25% Signup and view all the answers

At approximately what age do most individuals experience adult physical appearance in late adolescence?

19 Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of moral development in children aged 11-13 according to Kohlberg?

Understanding of complex moral issues Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT commonly reported among individuals facing transgender discrimination?

Higher employment opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What developmental ability improves significantly in late adolescence due to the maturation of the pre-frontal cortex?

Impulse control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a daily behavioral expression of moodiness in 11-13-year-olds?

Expressing feelings through actions Signup and view all the answers

What capacity is generally gained by most individuals by the age of 19?

Capacity for tender/sensual love Signup and view all the answers

Which moral reasoning stage do children typically transition to during early adolescence according to Kohlberg?

Conventional Signup and view all the answers

What unique experience is common for teenagers as they test their autonomy?

Testing parents' moral codes Signup and view all the answers

What is a common reason adolescents may delay seeking medical care?

Fear of discrimination or harassment Signup and view all the answers

According to population-based studies, what percentage of youth are estimated to experience gender dysphoria?

0.17 to 1.3% Signup and view all the answers

At what stage in adolescence do individuals begin to have a clearer sense of their sexual identity?

Late adolescence Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Mistrust (Infancy through 1-2yr)

Leads to the virtue of Hope
Focuses on parental nurturing and care, particularly feeding
Develops a sense of trust in the world and one's ability to influence events.
Consistent, predictable caregiving leads to a sense of security, even in threatening situations.
Failure results in a lack of confidence in the world and one's abilities.

Autonomy vs.Shame (Toddlerhood, 18mo-2/3 years)

Leads to the virtue of Will
Focuses on the ability to do things independently, particularly toilet training.
Develops a sense of self-control and personal control over the environment.
This includes bodily functions, eating, toys/play, and clothing which leads to feelings of secure confidence and separateness.
Failure results in a sense of inadequacy and self-doubt.

The Preschool Years

Children are 3-6 years old, emerging from toddler years.
They become more mobile, verbal, and explorative.
They demonstrate traits of independence, courage, and socialization.
They are preparing for school, facing and conquering new challenges.
They gain 4-5 pounds per year and grow 2-3 inches.
They have all 20 primary teeth by age 3.
They sleep 11-13 hours per day, typically without a nap.

Developmental Theory: Psychosocial (Erikson)

Each stage presents a crisis that must be resolved, resulting in a virtue.
Successful resolution of the crisis allows for further development. Failure to resolve the crisis results in ongoing problems.
In the preschool years (3-6 years), the crisis is Initiative vs. Guilt, leading to the virtue of Purpose.
The significant relationship is family.
The existential question at this stage is, "Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?"

Developmental Theory: Cognitive (Piaget)

Children's growth is based on their cognitive ability to understand themselves and the world.
In the Pre-operational Stage (2-7 years), children understand the world through language and mental images.

Gender Dysphoria

Defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) to be distress or discomfort stemming from an incongruence between birth-assigned sex and gender identity.
Research has found that:
- It affects approximately 0.17 to 1.3% of youth.
- It affects approximately 1.8% of high school youth.
- It affects approximately 0.5-1.2% of adults.

Transgender Discrimination Survey

Found that 25% of respondents reported harassment in a medical setting.
Found that 50% respondents taught their healthcare provider about transgender health.
Found that 25% of respondents reported postponing or delaying preventative or sick care.

Piaget: 11-13 Years

This age group is between Piaget's stages of concrete operations and formal operational thinking.
While they can articulate the best course of action, they may not be able to make the decision in the heat of the moment.

Moodiness

11-13 year olds may express feelings more through actions than words.

Kohlberg: 11-13 Years

Moral principles align with the primary developmental task of separating from dependence on caregivers and family.
This age group moves towards an autonomous moral code that is valid with both authority and the individual's own beliefs about right and wrong.
This transition occurs from preconventional to conventional morality (stages 3/4).
The capacity for abstract thought allows children this age to grapple with complex moral issues.
- They may transition from the simple statement "It's not fair," to asking why things are unfair and challenging established rules flexibly.
Teenagers may "test" their parents' moral codes.
They select role models based on realistic and hoped-for ideals, talents, and values. This is different from younger children, who tend to choose heroes with superhuman powers.

Late Adolescence

Most adolescents have an adult physical appearance (Tanner Stage V).
They are concerned with serious relationships, have a clear sexual identity, and are capable of tender and sensual love.
By age 19, most have engaged in sexual intercourse.
They are able to think abstractly, delay gratification, and be future-oriented.
The prefrontal cortex continues to mature into their 20s, improving impulse control, analytical skills, and judgment.

Young Adulthood (20-40)

Physical, sexual, emotional, social, and moral capacities are largely similar across cultures.
Characterized by a transition:
- Separation from parents.
- Beginning to function independently.
- Shifting family dynamics.
- Developing values and ideas with less parental influence.

Features of Emerging Adulthood (18-25)

Exploration of identity.
Instability.
Self-focus.
Feeling in-between.
Possibilities.

30s (Early Adulthood)

Characterized by autonomy, authority, and self-sufficiency.
May lead to a crisis due to marital difficulties, job stress, or depression and anxiety.

Erikson: Young Adulthood

Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Self-absorption/Isolation
The virtue is Love.
Adult Friendships and Parenthood Develop
Difficulties of parenthood:
- Economic burden.
- Investment of time.
- Loss of independence.
- Continuous processes of letting go.
- Children may reawaken conflicts that the parents themselves experienced as children.

Consequences of Perinatal Mental Illness

Associated with:
- Lower birth weight.
- Premature delivery.
- Decreased bonding between mother and child.
- Difficulties with infant attachment.

Late Adulthood (65+)

Psychosocial Development (Erikson)
- Crisis: Integrity vs. Despair
  - Integrity:
    - A sense of satisfaction that life has been productive and worthwhile.
    - A sense of contentment about life and one's role in it.
    - Enjoying the fruits of one's labor (work, grandchildren, etc).
    - Accepting one's place in history and the life cycle.
    - Ability to face death.
  - Despair:
    - Loss of hope, a sense that life has no purpose or meaning.
    - Contempt towards others.
    - A sense that life is meaningless.
    - Belief that they have not contributed.
    - Fear of death.
- Virtue: Wisdom
  - Knowledge gained from a lifetime of experiences.
  - The ability to understand things that most people do not (insight).
  - Knowing what is right and reasonable.
  - Good sense and judgment.

Death and Dying

US Culture and Dying

Death is not discussed openly and is avoided rather than seen as a natural part of life.
Death is viewed as a failure of medical care.
The death of a patient reflects negatively on the physician.

Dr. Kubler-Ross

Psychiatrist and thanatologist who studied the reactions of terminally ill patients.
Felt that modern technology contributed to increased fear of death and dying.
Believed that death contradicts our culture's values of youth, progress, and achievement.
Five stages of grief (in no particular order):
- Denial.
- Anger.
- Bargaining.
- Depression.
- Acceptance.

Erikson's Stage 8

The Golden Years: Integrity vs. Despair
- Despair:
  - Loss of hope, a sense of life's meaninglessness, feelings of bitterness, and fear of death.
- Integrity:
  - A sense of satisfaction that life has been productive and worthwhile.
  - Ability to enjoy the fruits of one's labor (work, grandchildren, etc), acceptance of one's place in history and the life cycle, active participation in the process of losing independence, and ability to face death.

What is a "Good Death" for US Patients?

A "good death" is a subjective and complex issue.

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Description

Explore the critical stages of child development from infancy through preschool years. This quiz covers the concepts of trust versus mistrust, autonomy versus shame, and the emerging characteristics of preschool-aged children. Understand how caregiving impacts a child's ability to foster independence and confidence.