26 Questions
What is a common phenomenon observed in toddlers when a new sibling is born?
Regression
Why do toddlers experience temper tantrums?
Due to an inability to communicate effectively
What is a key aspect of moral development in toddlers?
Imitation of parental behavior
How can parents promote language acquisition in toddlers?
By reading to them regularly
What is a characteristic of preoperational thought in toddlers?
Egocentricity
What is a result of sibling rivalry in toddlers?
Anger outbursts and regressive behaviors
What is essential for reinforcing moral decisions in toddlers?
Consistency and repetition
Why is it important to spend special time with a toddler when a new sibling is born?
To reduce feelings of insecurity and jealousy
What is a common trigger for negativistic behavior in toddlers?
Frustration due to unmet needs
What is a characteristic of toddlers that contributes to temper tantrums?
Limited vocabulary
At what age do temper tantrums typically diminish in intensity and frequency?
By 4-5 years old
What is a recommended way to deal with temper tantrums?
Ignoring the behavior
Why do toddlers use transitional objects?
To reduce anxiety during separation
What should parents do when leaving their toddlers?
Be honest about when they will return
Why should toddlers not be expected to give up all transitional objects at once?
Because they provide comfort and security
What is an effective way to encourage positive behavior in toddlers?
Offering praise and positive reinforcement
What is the result of not treating Amblyopia?
Blindness
What is the age when children typically achieve daytime dryness?
3 ½ years
According to Erikson's theory, what is the critical task for toddlers to master?
Autonomy
What is the purpose of discipline in toddlers?
To guide and correct choices
What is the result of not mastering autonomy in toddlers?
Unhealthy psychosocial development
At what age can children typically walk alone without assistance?
15 months
What is the term for the crossing of eyes?
Strabismus
Why is toilet training important to parents?
Because it is a parental readiness
What is the age when children can typically climb the stairs alone using two feet on each step?
2 years
What is the result of changes in schedule, emotional stress, fatigue, or illness on toilet training?
Setbacks
Study Notes
Regression
- Sibling rivalry can cause a return to an earlier stage of development to feel more comfortable and secure
- Regression can be seen in behaviors like bedwetting after the birth of a new sibling
- Parents should plan special time alone with the toddler to make them feel as important as the new baby
Cognitive Development (Preoperational Thought)
- According to Piaget, preoperational thought begins at 2 years of age
- Toddlers interpret new experiences based on memories of previous happenings
- Object permanence: understanding that things will not disappear even if they cannot be seen
- Egocentric: toddlers cannot sense the world from any point of view other than their own
- Toddlers have an incomplete understanding of time
Moral Development
- Moral development depends on toddlers imitating their parents' moral behavior and teachings
- Parents should start teaching toddlers what is right and wrong
- Repeated instructions and consistency reinforce moral decisions
- Toddlers learn respect by being treated with respect
- Learning socially acceptable behaviors is a long, slow process that begins in toddlerhood and extends through adolescence
Communication and Language Acquisition
- Language acquisition is automatic and spontaneous, enhanced by practice
- Encouraging toddlers' speech and reading to them helps build language skills
- Language acquisition develops along with memory and recognition
- The "why" age: toddlers ask many questions
Developmental Milestones
- Gross motor skills depend on growth and maturation of muscles, bones, and nerves
- By the end of toddlerhood, children develop independent functioning skills such as walking, eating, dressing, toileting, and using language
- Fine motor skills include self-feeding, dressing, and playing
- Fine motor skills develop through practicing with utensils, dressing, and playing
Toilet Training
- According to Freud's psychosexual development, the toddler is at the anal stage
- Toilet training is more important to parents than to the young child
- Toilet training should be a positive experience
- Toilet training can be successful once the child has achieved maturity in sphincter control, nerves, and language
- Toddlers learn bowel control before bladder control
Psychosocial Development
- According to Erikson's theory, the toddler must master autonomy to achieve healthy psychosocial development
- Toddlers try to master independence in daily activities (toileting, dressing, feeding, taking care of belongings)
- Encouraging children to make simple decisions fosters a sense of independence
- Autonomy must be fostered while offering supervision and guidance
Discipline
- Discipline should guide, correct, strengthen, and improve the child's choices
- Discipline should not deny the child freedom
- Caregivers should be consistent and repeatedly reinforce limitations
- Sometimes discipline triggers negativistic behavior (temper tantrums, rebellious behavior)
Temper Tantrums
- Occur as a result of frustration when needs are not met immediately (terrible twos)
- Toddlers have limited vocabulary; hard to express feelings, may result in outburst of kicking, screaming, or breath holding
- Commonly seen between ages of 2 and 3 years, diminish in intensity and frequency by the age of 4 and 5 years
- Ways to deal with temper tantrums: place less emphasis on minor issues, ignoring, giving choices, "time-out", not sharing plans in advance, and offering praise and positive reinforcement
Learn about regression in toddlers, where they revert to earlier behaviors, and sibling rivalry, which stems from feelings of jealousy and insecurity. Discover how parents can address these issues.
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