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Questions and Answers
What attachment style is characterized by a child ignoring the caregiver's return after a brief separation?
Which phase in Erikson’s development model focuses on trust versus mistrust?
In a disorganized attachment style, what behavior may be exhibited by the child upon reunion with the caregiver?
What is the primary influence of the internal working model on a child?
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What aspect of temperament relates to how quickly and intensely a child emotionally reacts to stimuli?
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What is an example of underextension in word learning?
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Which theory of language development suggests that language is a social skill learned through communication?
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What is the primary characteristic of episodic memory?
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What does operant conditioning refer to in learning theory?
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Which type of memory requires conscious recall of information?
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What is a key characteristic of attachment in social development?
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How do items in short-term memory typically transition to long-term memory?
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Which factor is NOT considered an environmental influence on language development?
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What is synaptic pruning?
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At what age does the pincer grasp typically develop?
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What is a common indicator of dehydration in infants regarding bowel movements?
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When does colic typically begin and end in infants?
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What major milestone typically occurs between 5-11 months of age?
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What can teething cause in infants?
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What results in jaundice in infants?
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Which of the following describes fine motor skills?
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What are the earliest emotional states experienced by infants?
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At what age do infants typically begin to show first social smiles?
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Which emotion typically becomes more pronounced between 4-6 months of age?
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What is the most common source of fear for infants in their first two years?
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At what age does self-recognition typically begin to emerge in infants?
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What does Bowlby’s concept of a secure base provide for an infant?
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During which phase do infants show no particular preference for social stimuli?
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What percentage of North American children typically exhibit secure attachment?
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In which type of attachment does a child tend to resist contact from the caregiver upon reunion?
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What is a characteristic of Anxious/Avoidant attachment in infants?
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Which developmental phase involves infants that will enjoy all people?
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What occurs during the Specific Attachment phase of development?
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What aspect did Mary Ainsworth extend in Bowlby’s research on attachment?
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Study Notes
Brain Development
- Synaptic Blooming/Synaptogenesis: Rapid formation of synapses.
- Exuberant Synaptogenesis: Occurs in infancy, leading to a high density of neural connections.
- Synaptic Pruning: Synapses that are not used are eliminated, refining neural networks.
Fine Motor Skills
- Smaller, more precise movements, such as reaching and grasping.
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Stages:
- Pre-reaching (Newborn): Initial attempts at reaching.
- Reaching with Palmer Grasp (3-4 months): Using the whole hand to grasp objects.
- Moving Objects from Hand to Hand (4-5 months): Transferring objects between hands.
- Pincer Grasp (9 months): Using the thumb and index finger to pick up small objects.
Gross Motor Skills
- Large body movements, such as crawling, standing, and walking.
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Stages:
- Rolling (2-7 months): First tummy-to-back, then back-to-tummy.
- Independent Sitting (5-9 months): Sitting upright without support.
- Crawling (5-11 months): Not all babies crawl on all fours before they walk.
- Walking (9-17 months): Taking independent steps.
Common Physical Conditions and Issues During Infancy
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Bowel Movements:
- Hard or dry stools may indicate dehydration.
- Increased frequency of watery stools may indicate diarrhea.
- Colic: Prolonged crying and discomfort in infants, starting around 2-3 weeks and resolving by 3-4 months.
- Diaper Rash: Caused by skin irritation from contact with stool and urine.
- Spitting Up/Vomiting: Common in infants, a concern only when infants are not gaining weight or showing signs of illness.
- Teething: A fussy period as teeth break through, accompanied by drooling, loss of appetite, and irritability.
- Urination: Infants urinate every 1 to 3 hours or every 4 to 6 hours.
- Jaundice: Yellowing of the skin, eyes, and mouth due to a buildup of bilirubin, caused by the breakdown of old red blood cells.
Word Learning Errors
- Underextensions: Using a word too narrowly (e.g., "duck" only for a toy duck).
- Overextensions: Using a word too broadly (e.g., calling all round objects "ball").
Telegraphic Speech (1.5-2.5 years)
- Two-word combinations like "Daddy sit" or "Baby play."
Theories of Language Development
- Nativism (Chomsky): Language is innate, children are born with a Language Acquisition Device and Universal Grammar.
- Social Pragmatics: Language development is a social skill learned through communication with others.
- Environmental Influences on Language: Culture, socioeconomic status, birth order, gender, and exposure to multiple languages affect language development.
Learning and Memory Theories
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Conditioning:
- Classical Conditioning: Learning through association (e.g., Pavlov's dogs).
- Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences (reinforcement and punishment).
- Social Learning Theory: Children learn behaviors by observing and imitating others, even without direct rewards or punishments.
Memory and Attention
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Long-term Memory:
- The final, semi-permanent stage of memory.
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Types:
- Explicit Memory (Declarative Memory): Conscious recall of facts, concepts, and events.
- Implicit Memory (Unconscious): Procedures for completing actions.
- Episodic Memory: Memories of specific moments or episodes of one's life.
- Short-Term Memory Storage: Ability to hold information for a short time.
- Long-Term Memory Storage: Ability to hold semantic information for a prolonged period. Information in short-term memory moves to long-term memory through rehearsal, processing, and use.
Social and Emotional Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
Social Infancy Part 1
Attachment
- A close emotional relationship between two persons, characterized by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity.
- It is enduring across space and time.
Harry Harlow
- Experimental work with monkeys who were deprived of early social interactions.
- Strongly supported the view that healthy social and emotional development is rooted in children's early social interactions with adults.
Bowlby's Ethological Theory of Attachment
- An infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival.
Bowlby's Secure Base
- A secure base is Bowlby's term for the presence of an attachment figure that provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment.
Characteristic Development of Attachment Behavior
- Asocial Phase (0-6 weeks): No particular preference for social stimuli.
- Indiscriminate Attachments (6 weeks - 6 months): Enjoy all people.
- Specific Attachment (7-9 months): Preference for one person, wary of strangers.
- Multiple Attachments (Soon after the Specific Attachment Phase): Attach to multiple familiar people (e.g., father, grandparents, siblings).
Mary Ainsworth
- Extended Bowlby's ideas by creating the "Strange Situation" experiment.
Attachment Classification
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Secure Attachment:
- Before Separation: Uses the caregiver as a secure base, explores the environment while referencing the caregiver, and returns to the caregiver when feeling unsure.
- During Separation: Highly upset.
- Upon Reunion: Warmly greets the caregiver upon reunion and is soothed by caregiver.
- Approximately 65% of North American children.
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Anxious/Ambivalent (Resistant) Attachment:
- Before Separation: Tendency to be physically close to the caregiver and does not explore the environment.
- During Separation: Highly upset.
- Upon Reunion: Tendency for the child to remain near the caregiver (not explore) yet resists contact from the caregiver (often hits and pushes the caregiver) upon reunion, not soothed by the caregiver.
- Approximately 10% of North American children.
- Considered an insecure bond.
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Anxious/Avoidant Attachment:
- Before Separation: No clear preference for or tendency to play with the caregiver.
- During Separation: Little to no protest or upset when the caregiver leaves. No problem with stranger presence.
- Upon Reunion: Child largely ignores the caregiver when he/she returns.
- Can be social with other adults.
- Approximately 20% of North American children.
- Considered an insecure bond.
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Disorganized Attachment:
- Before Separation: Goes back and forth between clinging to the caregiver and rejecting the caregiver.
- During Separation: May cry and visibly upset.
- Upon Reunion: May avoid the mother when she returns, or may approach and then freeze or fall to the floor.
- Approximately 5-10% of North American children.
- Considered an insecure bond.
- Inconsistent way of coping with the stress of the Strange Situation.
- Highly represented in abused populations.
Internal Working Model
- The attachment relationship informs the child's mental representation of:
- The self
- Others (people and relationships).
- These representations influence the child's:
- Feelings about their own worth.
- Interactions with others.
Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust
- Birth to age 1.
- Totally dependent on others.
- If the caregiver meets the child's needs, the child develops trust.
- If the caregiver does not meet the child's needs, mistrust develops.
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Basic Strength: Hope.
- Belief that our desires will be satisfied.
- A feeling of confidence.
Temperament
- Differences in:
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Reactivity: Quickness and intensity of emotional arousal.
- How quickly you react to things.
- How big or small the reactions are.
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Self-Regulation: Strategies that modify reactivity.
- How you modify the reaction and bring it down once it is over.
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Reactivity: Quickness and intensity of emotional arousal.
Personality
- An individual's consistent pattern of feeling, thinking, and behaving.
- Temperament + Developing Self-Concept + Motivations to Achieve or to Socialize + Values and Goals + Coping Styles + Sense of Responsibility + Conscientiousness + More = Personality.
Cultural Influences
- Culture: Patterns of ideas, attitudes, values, lifestyle habits, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed on to future generations.
Infant Emotion Development
- Earliest emotional life consists mostly of two global arousal states:
- Attraction to pleasant stimulation.
- Withdrawal from unpleasant stimulation.
Development of Happiness
- Initially smiles are reflexive.
- 6-10 weeks: First social smiles.
- 3-4 months: Laughter.
- Infants delight at their own motor accomplishments.
- Smiles become increasingly social through the first year.
Development of Anger and Sadness
- Initially respond to unpleasant experiences with general distress (reflexive crying).
- 4-6 months: Angry expressions increase in frequency and intensity.
- Sources of anger and sadness:
- Pain, removal of an object, separations, disruption of caregiver communication.
The Development of Fear
- Like anger, emerges in the mid-first year and continues to increase through the second year.
- Most common source: Stranger anxiety.
Self-Conscious Emotions
- Shame, embarrassment, envy, doubt, and pride.
- Requires a sense of self, emerging around 18-24 months.
Understanding Others' Emotions
- Still Face Experiments: Distress of the baby when the mother stops showing emotions.
- Social Referencing: Tendency to look at social partners for guidance about how to respond to unfamiliar or threatening events.
Self-Awareness
- Self-recognition appears towards the middle to end of the second year of life.
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Description
Test your knowledge on brain development and motor skills in infants. This quiz covers topics like synaptic blooming, fine motor skill stages, and gross motor skill milestones. Perfect for educators and parents interested in child development.
