Child Development Milestones

Development of Walking

• Infants begin by lifting their heads when lying on their front (1 month)
• Next, they pull themselves forward and support themselves on their arms (2-4 months)
• Rolling over occurs (2-5 months)
• Supporting themselves and crawling with their arms and legs (3-6 months)
• Sitting independently (5-8 months)
• Pulling themselves up to stand (5-10 months)
• Walking with support from furniture (6-10 months)
• Walking independently (10-14 months)
• Running smoothly (11-15 months)

Emotional Development

• By 12 weeks, infants recognize their mother's emotions.

• By 15 weeks, they recognize the emotions of unfamiliar women.

• By 18 weeks, they recognize their father's emotions.

• Stranger anxiety arises by 7 months.

• Understanding emotional ambiguity occurs by 18 months.

• Shyness and embarrassment develop between 18 months and 2 years.

• By 18 months to 2 years, toddlers can express their emotions and predict the emotions of others.

• Children develop the ability to control and adjust their emotions by age 3.

• By age 3, they can identify and label emotions of others.

• By age 6, children can differentiate between genuine and false emotions.

• Emotional conflicts arise in childhood (4-6 years).

• By 6-8 years, children can experience multiple emotions concurrently without confusion.

• Conflicts and disagreements in thoughts and actions involving emotions occur between ages 8 and 9, with various outcomes depending on the situation

• By 10 years old, conflicting emotions are experienced depending on the circumstances.

Attachment Stages

• Initially, a child shows no preference for caregivers. This is known as pre-attachment (0-2 months).
• Between 2-7 months, an infant begins to prefer caregivers, particularly familiar faces.
• A secure attachment develops between 7 months and 2 years, as children form bonds with important individuals.
• During early childhood, the relationship evolves into a collaborative partnership. The child and parents work together. This partnership, or goal-corrected partnership, often matures during the 2-year period. It involves independence and a positive relationship with others.

Sensory-Motor Stage (0-2 Years)

• Infants are born with reflexes (0.1 month).
• Primary circular reactions (1-4 months) involve repetitive behaviours which satisfy baby's physical needs.
• Circular reactions involving objects for pleasurable sensory input increase in complexity by 4 months.
• Secondary circular reactions (4-10 months) lead to exploration of objects.
• Coordination of secondary schemes by 8-12 months—goal-directed behaviors are performed.
• Object permanence and the understanding that objects continue to exist even out of sight come into play (9 months to 2 years).

Pre-Operational Stage (2-7 Years)

• Children develop the ability to perform actions mentally, without actually physically performing them (2-7 years).
• Logical operations, using consistent rules to solve problems, develop between the ages of 7-11 years.
• Formal operational reasoning happens as a child matures to 11 years and older.