Child Development Milestones and Theories

The period from conception to birth.

Refers to changes in structure and behavior over a lifetime.

The naturally unfolding growth patterns determined by genetics.

The period from the beginning of labor until the baby is born.

The period from birth onwards.

The interaction between inherited traits and environmental influences.

Skills acquired through activities in the environment.

Factors that influence development from outside the individual.

A reflex where an infant's toes curl downward when the plantar surface of the foot is touched.

A reflex where stroking an infant's foot causes the toes to fan outward and the big toe to move toward the infant's body.

A reflex triggered by an unexpected loud noise or a sensation of falling, where the infant spreads their arms out.

A reflex present at birth where an infant attempts to walk when the soles of their feet touch a flat surface, even though they cannot support their own weight.

A reflex where a baby's head is turned to one side, and the arm on that side stretches out while the opposite arm bends at the elbow.

A chart that tracks a child's physical development against standard norms. It monitors weight, height, and head circumference.

Involuntary actions triggered by external stimuli. Originate in the central nervous system, particularly in lower brain regions.

A primitive reflex present at birth. When an object touches the baby's mouth, they start sucking.

A primitive reflex present at birth. When a baby's cheek is stroked, they turn their head towards the touch and open their mouth.

A primitive reflex present at birth. When light pressure is applied to a baby's palm, they grasp with their fingers.

Primitive reflexes are present in infants but disappear as the cortex matures and neural pathways become myelinated. By around 3 months, voluntary movements replace these reflexes.

When primitive reflexes persist after one year of age, it may indicate a developmental delay. Further testing is recommended.

Growth and skill development occur at specific times and follow distinct patterns. This includes physical, social, emotional, and language development.

A stage in Piaget's theory where infants learn through sensory experiences and motor actions, developing object permanence.

The ability to understand that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

A stage in Piaget's theory where children develop symbolic thinking and language but struggle with logic and perspective-taking.

The tendency to see the world from one's own perspective and have difficulty understanding another's viewpoint.

A stage in Piaget's theory where children develop logical thinking about concrete objects and events.

The ability to understand that the amount of a substance remains the same even if its appearance changes.

A stage in Piaget's theory where adolescents develop abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning.

The ability to reason from general principles to specific cases.

When an infant's needs are consistently met, a sense of security and trust develops. This stage emphasizes the importance of reciprocal social interactions and attachment development with the primary caregiver.

The theory focuses on the child's interactions within a social and cultural context. It proposes eight stages of development, each with a crisis or issue to be resolved. The main theme is the quest for identity.

This theory emphasizes the social influences and adaptation throughout development. It suggests that life is a series of crises requiring individuals to master problems for a coherent identity.

This stage occurs from birth to 1 year. It focuses on developing a sense of trust based on consistent care and attention from the primary caregiver.

This stage occurs from approximately 1 to 3 years. It focuses on the development of a sense of autonomy. Children at this age are developing skills like walking and talking, leading to independence and self-control. They are also learning to express their needs and desires.

This stage occurs from approximately 3 to 5 years. It focuses on the development of a sense of initiative. Children at this age are becoming more independent and are starting to explore their surroundings. They are also starting to develop a sense of purpose and accomplishment.

This stage occurs from approximately 5 to 12 years. It focuses on the development of a sense of industry. Children at this age are starting to learn new skills and take on responsibilities. They are also starting to develop a sense of competence and purpose.

This stage occurs from approximately 12 to 18 years. It focuses on the development of a sense of identity. Adolescents at this age are exploring their own values, beliefs, and goals. They are also starting to develop a sense of who they are and what they want to be.

In this stage, individuals are focused on building intimate relationships and establishing a sense of belonging with others. Strong relationships often involve trust, commitment, and shared experiences. Isolation may occur if individuals struggle to form meaningful connections during this period.

The stage focuses on making contributions to society and leaving a positive mark on the world. Individuals find fulfillment through activities like parenting, community involvement, or career achievements. If they are unable to find a sense of purpose, they may experience stagnation.

During this stage, individuals reflect on their life choices and accomplishments. They strive to find meaning and integrity in their journey. If they are unable to reconcile their past choices or achieve their goals, they may experience despair.