Child Development: Chapters 10-12 Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a benefit of rough-and-tumble play in children's development?

  • Improves fine motor skills
  • Enhances self-control (correct)
  • Promotes sedentary behavior
  • Increases knowledge retention

How does sociodramatic play contribute to a child's learning?

  • It limits their imagination
  • It decreases social interaction
  • It fosters emotional regulation (correct)
  • It encourages solitary activities

Which of the following is a common consequence of bullying in schools?

  • Psychological distress (correct)
  • Higher levels of resilience
  • Increased academic performance
  • Enhanced social skills

What is one reason many experts advocate for limiting children's screen time?

<p>It can hinder physical activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is social comparison particularly powerful during middle childhood?

<p>Children are developing a sense of self (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, what characterizes the pre-conventional level?

<p>Avoiding punishment and seeking rewards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the changes in parent-adolescent relationships over time?

<p>Increased communication about personal issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes identity foreclosure from identity moratorium in Marcia's theory?

<p>Foreclosure is characterized by commitment without exploration; moratorium involves exploration without commitment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are commonly cited reasons for adolescents to engage in sexual intercourse?

<p>Desire for intimacy (B), Curiosity (C), Peer pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between homeostasis and allostasis?

<p>Allostasis refers to maintaining stability through change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common anxiety disorder found in the United States?

<p>Panic disorder (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a method to reduce adolescent drug use?

<p>Encouraging experimentation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the usual path of self-esteem from adolescence through emerging adulthood?

<p>Constantly increases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does postformal thinking emphasize compared to typical adolescent thought?

<p>Situational context (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three aspects of love proposed by Sternberg?

<p>Intimacy, passion, commitment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to why depressed individuals often do not seek help?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason that some elderly people resist learning strategies for memory retrieval?

<p>They believe it undermines their independence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between ageism and racism?

<p>Ageism relates specifically to abilities, while racism relates to ethnicity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'positivity effect' refer to in older adults?

<p>A tendency to focus more on positive experiences and emotions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following most accurately describes the relationship typically found between adult children and their parents?

<p>Adult children often have a nurturing and supportive relationship with their parents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are intrinsic rewards of employment often associated with?

<p>Personal satisfaction and fulfillment. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it misleading to classify middle-aged adults as the 'sandwich generation'?

<p>They do not typically face the dual responsibilities of caring for both children and aging parents. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of grandparenting has been shown to benefit both grandparents and grandchildren the most?

<p>Active engagement in the grandchildren's daily activities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are IADLs more important than ADLs in determining whether a person needs care?

<p>IADLs pertain to independent living skills that determine self-sufficiency. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does rough-and-tumble play primarily benefit children in their development?

<p>It promotes emotional regulation and physical coordination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of identity formation is emphasized in Marcia’s theory?

<p>The significance of exploration and commitment in identity development. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the power of social comparison during middle childhood?

<p>The development of self-awareness and critique. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best explains the role of empathy in prosocial behavior?

<p>Empathy serves as a precursor to understanding others' emotions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reasoning is typically favored in adolescent decision-making?

<p>Intuitive reasoning, often leading to impulsive choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of excessive screen time for children?

<p>Diminished social interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bullying in schools, which type of children is often targeted?

<p>Children who exhibit differences in behavior or appearance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do family and siblings play in the development of children during middle childhood?

<p>They provide essential emotional and social support. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key difference between peer and parent influences on adolescents?

<p>Peers are more likely to shape an adolescent's identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of romantic relationship is frequently formed during adolescence?

<p>Casual dating with no emotional investment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three commonly cited reasons for adolescents to engage in sexual intercourse?

<p>Curiosity, peer pressure, and emotional bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one factor that typically contributes to maximum physical strength being attained in emerging adulthood?

<p>Biological maturation and peak physiological development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does dialectical thought combine subjective and objective thinking?

<p>By synthesizing different perspectives to reach a conclusion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the implications of combining emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies?

<p>They provide a comprehensive approach to managing stress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does allostasis encompass in relation to human physiology?

<p>Adapting to long-term stressors for stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of successful adolescent drug use prevention programs?

<p>Greater awareness of the risks associated with drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about the role of middle-aged adults regarding their family responsibilities?

<p>They are referred to as the 'sandwich generation.' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What intrinsic reward is often associated with employment in adulthood?

<p>Personal fulfillment and satisfaction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way that aging can negatively influence cognition?

<p>Sensory loss impacting information processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) has changed in prevalence in recent years?

<p>Increased rates of Alzheimer's disease. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common factor contributing to frailty in older adults?

<p>Chronic health conditions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What benefit is associated with the 'positivity effect' in older adults?

<p>Enhanced emotional resilience. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor most commonly affects the formation of new neurons in adulthood?

<p>Regular exercise. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of elderspeak that represents ageism?

<p>Speaking in a slow and exaggerated tone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Peer play's impact on children

Playing with peers helps children learn social skills, build physical strength, and control emotions.

Adolescent physical growth

Adolescents experience rapid physical changes, including height and weight spurts, driven primarily by hormonal shifts.

Kohlberg's moral reasoning

Kohlberg's theory proposes three levels of moral development, progressing from egocentric reasons (pre-conventional) to societal rules (conventional) to abstract ethical principles (post-conventional).

Adolescent emotions

Sudden, strong emotional fluctuations are a common part of adolescence, often due to hormonal changes and increased social awareness.

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Resilience in children

Resilience refers to the ability of children to adapt and overcome challenges. It's nurtured by supportive factors.

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Developmental Psychopathology

Developmental psychopathology studies mental disorders in children, adolescence, based on normal development stages.

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Identity Formation

Adolescents develop a sense of self by exploring different roles and values in a process called identity formation.

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ADHD vs. Autism

ADHD involves inattentiveness and impulsivity, while autism impacts social interaction and communication.

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Adolescent Romantic Relationships

Diverse types of romantic relationships emerge during adolescence, ranging from casual dating to more serious commitments.

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Postformal Thinking

Postformal thinking involves combining subjective and objective thought; it's a more flexible and dialectical approach.

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OCEAN Personality

The five-factor model (OCEAN) – Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism – describes broad personality dimensions.

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Drug Use/Abuse/Addiction

Drug use, abuse, and addiction are different levels of involvement with drugs; use is not necessarily harmful, while abuse and addiction imply problems.

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Dialectical Thought

Dialectical thought involves the integration of opposing concepts; understanding the interplay of thesis, antithesis, and synthesis.

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Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow proposed that all people strive for basic needs, including physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

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Erikson's Stages

Erikson proposed stages of development that have social implications to the growing person (e.g. intimacy/isolation in young adulthood).

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Problem-focused Coping

Problem-focused coping addresses the stressful situation itself; addressing the source of the problem.

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Generativity in Parenthood

Parenthood fulfills the need for generativity by allowing adults to create something that will outlive them, contribute to society, and leave a lasting legacy.

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Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic Rewards of Employment

Extrinsic rewards are external motivators, like salary and promotions, while intrinsic rewards are internal motivators, like personal satisfaction and meaning from the work itself.

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Ageism

Ageism is prejudice and discrimination against individuals or groups based solely on their age.

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Elderspeak

Elderspeak is a condescending way of speaking to older adults, often using simpler words, baby talk, and patronizing language.

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Benefits and Risks of Exercise During Aging

Exercise has many benefits for older adults, improving physical function, cognitive health, and overall well-being, but there are risks too, such as injury or exacerbating existing conditions.

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Aging Brain (Cognitive)

The aging brain experiences changes in cognitive function, with some decline in memory and processing speed, but most abilities remain intact, and new learning is possible.

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New Neuron Formation in Adulthood

While the brain's ability to form new neurons (neurogenesis) decreases with age, it doesn't stop entirely, offering hope for continued learning and cognitive function.

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Sensory Loss Impact on Cognition

Loss of senses, like hearing or vision, can negatively impact cognition by reducing information intake and making it harder to process information.

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Rough-and-tumble play

Playful, vigorous, and often noisy physical interaction between children, involving chasing, wrestling, and hitting, but without the intention of causing harm.

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Sociodramatic play

Play in which children act out roles and stories, often imitating real-life scenarios, such as being doctors or firefighters.

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Empathy

The ability to understand and share the feelings of another person.

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Resilience

The ability to bounce back from adversity, cope with difficulties, and overcome challenges.

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Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Reasoning

A theory that describes three levels of moral development: pre-conventional (focus on self-interest), conventional (following rules and societal norms), and post-conventional (abstract ethical principles).

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Puberty

The period of rapid physical and sexual development that leads to reproductive maturity.

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Peer Influence

The impact of friends and peers on an adolescent's behavior, attitudes, and choices.

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Parent Influence

The impact of parents and family on an adolescent's development, including values, beliefs, and behaviors.

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Romantic Relationships in Adolescence

Relationships between adolescents, ranging from casual dating to more serious commitments, involve exploring intimacy, attraction, and emotional connections.

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Sexuality in Adolescence

The exploration of sexual identity, preferences, and behaviors during adolescence, influenced by societal factors, personal values, and experiences.

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Maximum Physical Strength in Emerging Adulthood

Physical strength peaks in emerging adulthood due to the combined factors of muscle mass development and hormonal changes.

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Homeostasis and Allostasis

Homeostasis maintains stability in internal body conditions, while allostasis adapts to changing demands, like stress, through physiological adjustments.

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Reasons for Sexual Intercourse

Commonly cited reasons for sexual intercourse include pleasure, intimacy, and procreation.

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Well-being in Emerging Adulthood

Emerging adulthood is often a period of transition marked by both challenges and opportunities, leading to fluctuations in well-being.

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Benefits of Exercise During Aging

Exercise has numerous benefits for older adults, including improved physical function, increased muscle strength and balance, better cognitive health, enhanced mood and emotional well-being, and reduced risk of chronic diseases.

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Cognitive Changes in the Aging Brain

The aging brain experiences some decline in memory, processing speed, and attention, but most cognitive abilities remain intact. This is a gradual process, and new learning is still possible.

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Sensory Loss and Cognition

Loss of senses, such as hearing or vision, can negatively affect cognitive performance. It reduces information intake, making it harder to process information, attend to tasks, and learn effectively.

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Study Notes

Chapter 10, 11, 12

  • Peer play helps children learn, build muscles, and develop self-control
  • Different types of play and their benefits, including rough-and-tumble play and sociodramatic play, are described
  • Children learn through sociodramatic play
  • Experts recommend limiting screen time for children
  • Children develop empathy and antipathy through social interaction
  • Empathy and prosocial behavior are linked
  • Childhood health habits impact adult health
  • Social comparison is strong during middle childhood
  • Types of bullied children and consequences of bullying in schools are identified
  • Factors that aid children in building resilience are identified
  • The importance of family and siblings in middle childhood is discussed
  • Developmental psychopathology and disorders in middle childhood and adolescence are defined
  • ADHD and autism spectrum disorder are distinguished
  • Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning are explained with personal examples
  • Criticisms of Kohlberg's theory are explained
  • Common values in school-age children are identified
  • Moral thought development from middle childhood is described
  • The growth pattern of adolescent bodies is described

Chapter 14, 15, 16

  • How hormones affect puberty's physical and psychological aspects is explained
  • Adolescents experience intense and sudden emotions
  • The link between circadian rhythms and adolescent sleep deprivation is explored
  • The decrease in adolescent sexual problems is explained
  • Adolescent egocentrism, imaginary audience, and personal fables are identified
  • The pros and cons of inductive vs. deductive reasoning are described
  • How intuition and analysis can lead to contrasting conclusions is explained

Chapter 17, 18, 19

  • Physical strength typically peaks in emerging adulthood
  • Homeostasis and allostasis in humans
  • Reasons for sexual intercourse
  • Standard pattern of well-being in emerging adulthood
  • Reasons behind the reluctance of depressed individuals to seek help
  • Common anxiety disorder in US
  • Evidence showing that schizophrenia isn't solely genetic
  • Social benefits of risk-taking
  • Drug use, abuse, and addiction are differentiated
  • Postformal thought is differentiated from typical adolescent thought
  • Connections between thesis, antithesis, and synthesis
  • Dialectical thought as an example of combining subjective and objective thought
  • Economic benefits of higher education
  • How diversity affects learning in college

Chapter 20, 21, 22

  • Signs of aging
  • Longitudinal research on intelligence throughout adulthood
  • Benefits of crystallized vs fluid intelligence
  • Methods to measure creative intelligence
  • The link between stress and health
  • Situations best suited for emotion-focused coping
  • Situation best-suited for problem-focused coping
  • Personality vs temperament
  • Maslow's hierarchy and three adult needs
  • Roles of friends in a person's life
  • Relationships between adult children and parents
  • Generativity
  • Myths of adulthood
  • Rewards of employment

Chapter 23, 24, 25, 26

  • Comparing ageism, racism, and sexism
  • Cultural effects on perceptions of aging
  • Explanation of elderspeak
  • Benefits and risks related to exercise in old age
  • Cellular changes during aging are described
  • Cognitive aging
  • Attitudes of others towards elders

Additional notes

  • The formation of new neurons in adulthood
  • Sensory loss and cognitive impact
  • Memory loss resistance in older adults
  • Neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) in recent years
  • Alzheimer's disease vs vascular disease/frontotemporal NCDs
  • Conditions affecting major NCDs
  • Successes in preventing NCDs
  • Relationship between depression, anxiety, and NCDs
  • Changes in creative ability with aging
  • Retirement benefits and impacts on older adults' health and life
  • Grandparent-child relationship
  • Frailty
  • Importance of IADLs and ADLs
  • Kübler-Ross's stages of death and dying
  • Types of death agencies
  • Grief and signs of grief

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Human Development FINAL EXAM Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the crucial aspects of child development covered in Chapters 10 to 12. This quiz highlights the importance of peer play, types of play, empathy, and the impact of family in middle childhood. Additionally, it addresses developmental disorders and moral reasoning, providing a comprehensive look at how children grow and learn during these formative years.

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