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What distinguishes a critical period from a sensitive period in development?
A critical period requires exposure to a stimulus for normal development and has well-defined endpoints, while a sensitive period is less rigid and allows for more flexibility in experiences.
How do the mechanistic and organismic models differ in their view of human development?
The mechanistic model views development as a series of predictable responses to stimuli, while the organismic model sees it as an active internal process occurring in distinct stages.
What is meant by quantitative change in human development?
Quantitative change refers to incremental changes in abilities or traits that can be measured, such as height, weight, or vocabulary size.
Explain how psychologists who believe in active development view a child's learning process.
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In what way does the organismic perspective describe the stages of development?
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What role do experiences during sensitive periods play in human development?
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What are the characteristics of a critical period in human development?
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How do the views on development being continuous or discontinuous impact psychological theories?
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What typically signifies the end of early childhood?
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How do cognitive skills, such as memory and language, change from preschool to middle childhood?
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In what ways does social life change for children as they move into middle childhood?
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What emotional and behavioral traits are most common in preschool-aged children?
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How does the concept of egocentrism change from early to late childhood?
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What are the indications of improved physical abilities in children during middle childhood?
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What is one characteristic of the play during middle childhood compared to earlier stages?
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How do children's thinking abilities develop as they transition into middle childhood?
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What is coregulation and how does it reflect the shift in control from parents to children?
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Identify two common respiratory illnesses in adolescents and their potential impact on health.
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How do cognitive gains during adolescence affect a child’s ability to search for identity?
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What does biological age refer to in the context of human development?
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What are some special needs that may surface during the developmental period of adolescence?
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What is the nature-nurture debate in developmental psychology?
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Describe how the relationship with peers can influence adolescent behavior.
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What are two major physical changes that occur during adolescence?
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How does psychological age differ from chronological age?
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What role does education play during the developmental period of adolescence?
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Define the concept of maturation according to Arnold Gesell's theory.
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What is meant by social age, and how does it influence behavior?
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Explain how increased self-control is linked to coregulation in adolescents.
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What is the significance of socioeconomic status (SES) in a family's development?
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Explain the difference between nuclear and extended family structures.
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In terms of continuity-discontinuity, what does each term refer to in human development?
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What is the primary focus of the information processing approach in cognitive development?
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Define the microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model of development.
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How does the mesosystem differ from the microsystem?
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What role does the exosystem play in Bronfenbrenner's model?
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What is the significance of the macrosystem in Bronfenbrenner's model?
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Describe the chronosystem within the context of Bronfenbrenner's model.
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According to the evolutionary/sociobiological approach, what factors influence behavior?
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What is ethology and how does it relate to behavior from an evolutionary perspective?
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Study Notes
Child Development Stages
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Early Childhood (Ages 3-6)
- Independence increases as children spend time with peers.
- Cognitive abilities, including memory and language skills, develop significantly.
- Imagination expands during playtime.
- Altruism and aggression become observable traits.
- Family remains the primary social focus; other children start to gain importance.
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Middle and Late Childhood (Ages 6-11)
- Academic achievement becomes central, with improved abilities in reading and writing.
- Gross motor skills and athletic skills enhance significantly.
- Coregulation reflects a shift in control from parents to children.
- Peer relationships grow in importance, influencing behaviors and self-concept.
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Adolescence (Ages 11-20)
- Rapid physical changes, including sexual maturation.
- Increased maturity and ability to think abstractly.
- Major health risks and behavioral issues may arise, such as eating disorders and drug use.
- Relationships with parents generally remain good, but peer influence strengthens.
Age Categories
- Biological Age: Reflects physiological health and functional capabilities of organs.
- Psychological Age: Measures an individual's adaptive capacity relative to peers.
- Social Age: Associated with roles and expectations linked to chronological age.
Developmental Issues
- Nature vs. Nurture Debate: Focuses on the influences of genetics vs. environment on development.
- Stability vs. Change: Consider whether early traits persist or evolve over time.
- Continuity vs. Discontinuity: Discusses the nature of development as gradual versus staged.
Influences on Development
- Heredity: Inherited traits from biological parents.
- Environment: Non-genetic influences that shape development.
- Maturation: The natural progression of physical and behavioral changes.
- Epigenetics: Examines how environmental factors impact gene expression.
Family Structures
- Nuclear Family: Consists of two generations, including parents and children.
- Extended Family: Involves additional generations and relatives, often living together.
Socioeconomic Status (SES)
- SES is determined by income, education, and professional background of adults in a household.
- Critical periods in development indicate times when exposure to certain stimuli is crucial for normal progression.
Theoretical Perspectives on Development
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Active vs. Reactive Development:
- Active proponents argue that individuals shape their experiences.
- Reactive theorists view children as influenced by their environment.
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Continuity vs. Discontinuity in Development:
- Mechanistic theorists favor a continuous perspective, while organismic theorists argue for stage-based development.
Contextual Development
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Bronfenbrenner's Bioecological Model:
- Considers four environmental systems: microsystem (immediate environment), mesosystem (connections between microsystems), exosystem (external social settings), and macrosystem (cultural context).
- The chronosystem looks at changes and transitions over time.
Evolutionary/Sociobiological Perspective
- Focuses on behavioral development through the lens of evolutionary theory.
- Principles of natural selection, survival of the fittest, and adaptation to environments are fundamental.
These points represent a broad overview of critical concepts pertaining to development from early childhood through adolescence, highlighting various influences, familial structures, and theoretical perspectives.
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Explore the different aspects of child development, focusing on independence, cognitive skills, and gender identity. This quiz covers topics like sleep issues, immaturity, and the importance of hand dominance in learning. Test your understanding of how these factors interact in children's growth and self-control.