Child Development and Health Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What term refers to the ability to evaluate a cognitive task and monitor one's performance?

Metacognition (correct)

Working memory

Metamemory

Long-term memory

By what age do children typically grasp most basic vocabulary and grammar of their first language?

Age 8

Age 4

Age 6 (correct)

Age 10

Which of the following statements about working memory development is accurate?

Working memory declines from age 4 to 15.

Working memory only develops after age 15.

Working memory remains the same from age 4 to 15.

Working memory improves significantly with age from 4 to 15. (correct)

Which ability is closely linked to the capacity for switching between different language codes?

Language proficiency Signup and view all the answers

What is ‘hidden curriculum’ in the context of education?

Unstated rules that impact learning Signup and view all the answers

How many new words can some school-age children learn in a day?

20 new words Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of language acquisition allows children to adapt their speech style to different contexts?

Code-switching Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes ‘metamemory’?

Awareness of memory strategies Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of bilingual education?

Using both the native language and English in instruction Signup and view all the answers

What IQ score is traditionally associated with intellectual disability?

Below 70 Signup and view all the answers

Which approach emphasizes the importance of teaching the sounds of each letter before reading?

Phonics approach Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes cultural familial intellectual disability?

IQ generally between 50 to 70 Signup and view all the answers

What educational philosophy influenced a shift towards more active learning in math instruction?

Constructivism Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act?

To increase accountability in education Signup and view all the answers

What does the Flynn effect refer to?

The rise in average IQ scores over decades Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of ESL instruction?

Providing language support in an English context Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is known as 'the nation’s report card'?

National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) Signup and view all the answers

What does the Trends in Math and Science Study (TIMSS) assess?

Mathematics and science skills of fourth- and eighth-graders Signup and view all the answers

How was intelligence originally defined in relation to IQ?

Mental age divided by chronological age, times 100 Signup and view all the answers

In the field of developmental psychopathology, which statement is considered a key concept?

Most people occasionally exhibit odd behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the potential to master a specific skill?

Aptitude Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized as beneficial for the education of children with special needs?

Beginning education early Signup and view all the answers

What defines an English-language learner (ELL)?

A child learning English as a second language Signup and view all the answers

What factor complicates the comparability of scores in international assessments like TIMSS?

Variances in sample selection and test administration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Middle Childhood Body and Mind

Children aged 7-11 typically gain about 2 inches (5 cm) and 5 pounds (2.2 kg) annually.
Healthy children of this age are agile, with neither excessive weight nor thinness.
Muscle growth slows after age 6, but children master most motor skills that don't require adult-sized bodies.

Asthma

A chronic respiratory condition where inflammation narrows airways, causing breathing difficulties.
Symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.
Some experts propose a "hygiene hypothesis" suggesting increased allergies, like those to peanuts (affecting about 1% of US children) or cockroach droppings, as a factor in asthma development.

Obesity

Overeating and insufficient exercise frequently contribute to childhood overweight/obesity.
Body mass index (BMI) is a ratio of weight to height (calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters).
Overweight is considered a BMI of 25-29 for adults; above the 85th percentile for children (based on 1980 CDC standards).
Obesity is a BMI of 30 or more for adults; above the 95th percentile for children (based on 1980 CDC standards).
Rates of overweight children (aged 6-11) have increased since the 1960s.

Physical Activity

Engaging in physical activity offers benefits for health, including reduced asthma likelihood and reduced obesity risk.
It also fosters cooperation, fair play, and problem-solving skills.
Respect for teammates & opponents of diverse backgrounds is another benefit

Hazards of Physical Activity

Peer or coach criticism can negatively impact self-esteem.
Sports injuries, such as Little League elbow, are possible risks.
Potential for prejudice, especially against the opposite sex.
Stress levels might increase, evidenced by changes in hormone levels and insomnia.

Piaget and School-Age Cognition

Piaget termed school-age reasoning "concrete operational thought," focusing on logical reasoning related to direct experiences and perceptions.
Classification is the ability to group things based on established characteristics.
Transitive inference is the ability to understand connections between different facts (or, the unspoken link between two facts).
Seriation is the ability to put things in order, crucial to understanding numbers.

Contemporary Piaget critiques

Contemporary research suggests Piaget's view of a sudden shift from pre-operational to concrete operational thinking might be inaccurate.
Development in middle childhood involves more adaptive use of mental categories, subcategories, inductive reasoning, and simultaneous processing

Vygotsky and School-Age Cognition

Vygotsky emphasized the role of instruction and social interaction in learning, in contrast to Piaget's emphasis on discovery.
He proposed the "zone of proximal development" where children learn through interaction with others (peers, teachers, family).
Children are "apprentices" in their everyday interactions.
Language acts as a tool, facilitating learning and understanding.

Information-Processing Theory

This theory compares mental processes to computer functions, including sensory input, processing, storage of memories, and output.
Selective attention is the ability to focus on certain stimuli while ignoring others.
Automatization allows repeated actions to become automatic, requiring less conscious thought
Reaction time is the time it takes to respond to a stimulus, both physical or mental.

Memory components

Sensory memory briefly stores incoming information for processing.
Working memory (short-term memory) holds and processes current thoughts and activities.
Long-term memory stores vast amounts of information indefinitely.

Memory improvements

Working memory significantly improves in the years between age 4 and 15.
Long-term memory and the ability to retrieve stored information continues to improve over middle childhood.
The brain develops strategies that can improve and enhance memory.

Metacognition and Metamemory

Metacognition is "thinking about thinking," evaluating tasks, adapting performance, and generally controlling cognitive functions
Metamemory encompasses the understanding of how memory functions so it can be effectively used.

Learning in School Values

Religious instruction may be a compulsory part of education in other countries.
In the USA, religious instruction is often optional; some private or home-schooled students do receive religious content.
Most US citizens favor the incorporation of evolution and sex education into school curricula. However parents may object to these topics.
Hidden curricula are unofficial, implicit rules and values that shape learning.

Learning in School Language

By age 6, most children have mastered the basic vocabulary and grammar of their native language.
Some children learn as many as 20 new words every day, including advanced vocabulary and grammatical structures

Code Switching

School-age children's capacity for code switching (or switching between language styles) is a considerable characteristic.
Different code styles exist - like tone, terminology, pronunciation, sentence lengths - that can be employed in interactions.
Formal codes apply to academic situations, while informal styles apply to social contexts.

English Language Learners

English-language learners (ELLs) learn a second language in school (often in the US).
Bilingual education and ESL instruction both accommodate language learning.
Children might be immersed in a new language in the classroom, but it’s not their home language.

Reading Wars

Phonics focuses on letter sounds and combinations for reading instruction.
Whole-language instruction emphasizes early integration of diverse language skills (talking, listening, reading, writing).
A robust approach combines phonics and whole language approaches.

Math Wars

Historical math instruction emphasizes rote memorization of facts and formulas (multiplication tables, workbooks).
Newer approaches, influenced by Piaget and Vygotsky, emphasize a more active, engaging, and "discovery"-based approach to math learning.

Measuring the Mind - Aptitude

Aptitude measures the potential for learning and mastering specific skills.
IQ tests aim to measure intellectual aptitude, defined originally by dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100.

Measuring the Mind - Achievement

Achievement tests evaluate mastery or proficiency in subjects like reading, math, science, etc.

Measuring the Mind - Aptitude assessment

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) is a common IQ test for school-age children.
WISC assesses various areas, like vocabulary, general knowledge, reasoning, etc.
The Flynn effect shows average IQ scores rising over decades, not fully explained.
Mental retardation is characterized by a low IQ (typically below 70) and difficulties with daily life tasks.

Extremes of Intelligence

Intellectual disability denotes an IQ below 70.
Organic intellectual disability often involves physical or neurological damage or genetic disorders.
Cultural/familial intellectual disability may have non-organic causes, and IQ is generally between 50 and 70.
Gifted individuals typically display an IQ of 130 or higher

Measuring the Mind - US Achievements

No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, enacted in 2001, aimed for greater school accountability by requiring achievement tests.
National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) measures school achievement nationally over time.
International tests like PIRLS (reading) and TIMSS (math/science) provide international comparisons, but results can vary owing to cultural and testing variations.

Developmental Psychopathology

This field examines typical development to understand and address developmental disorders.
Children requiring extra help owing to physical/mental disabilities have Special needs education
Early intervention is generally more successful in addressing developmental challenges.

Education for children with special needs

Individual education plans (IEPs) detail special curricula and services for each child.
Least restrictive environments (LRE) advocate for children to be educated in regular classrooms whenever possible.
Mainstreaming and inclusion are concepts where children with special needs should learn alongside typically developing peers.
Resource rooms and special educators support these students.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is the US law that mandates support and services for children with disabilities.

Psychopathology

Abnormality can be considered “normal” occurrence in many respects.
Disabilities can vary from year to year, and some individuals might progress during their lives.
Diagnoses consider social contexts and cultural backgrounds, as per DSM-IV and DSM-5.

Specific Mental Disorders

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) involves inattention, impulsiveness, and overactivity.
Learning disabilities represent significant delays in a specific learning area, lacking an apparent physical, mental, or home environmental explanation.
Dyslexia is a specific learning disability with challenges in reading, often attributed to neurological underdevelopment.
Autistic spectrum disorder encompasses several related conditions with impairments in social interaction, communication, and play patterns.
Autism is a spectrum disorder with profound challenges in social interaction and communication.
Asperger syndrome is associated with extreme attention to detail, often accompanied by social comprehension deficits. (Part of the spectrum disorders.)

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Description

Test your knowledge on middle childhood growth, asthma, and obesity. This quiz covers essential aspects of children's physical and mental development, along with health challenges they may face. Explore the factors affecting these issues and their implications.