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Questions and Answers
What type of joint is the facet joint?
What type of joint is the facet joint?
Which nerves provide innervation to the facet joints?
Which nerves provide innervation to the facet joints?
What type of movement is primarily allowed by the facet joints in the thoracic region?
What type of movement is primarily allowed by the facet joints in the thoracic region?
What are the ligaments associated with both the facet joints and intervertebral discs?
What are the ligaments associated with both the facet joints and intervertebral discs?
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Which statement accurately describes the blood supply to intervertebral discs?
Which statement accurately describes the blood supply to intervertebral discs?
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What is the total number of layers that make up the chest wall?
What is the total number of layers that make up the chest wall?
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Which rib pairs are categorized as true ribs?
Which rib pairs are categorized as true ribs?
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What type of joint do the sternochondral joints 2-7 represent?
What type of joint do the sternochondral joints 2-7 represent?
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How are floating ribs primarily attached?
How are floating ribs primarily attached?
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What is the role of the sternal angle?
What is the role of the sternal angle?
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Which structure does the first costal cartilage attach to?
Which structure does the first costal cartilage attach to?
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Which type of joint connects the first costal cartilage and the manubrium?
Which type of joint connects the first costal cartilage and the manubrium?
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Which muscles are considered to be a part of the chest wall?
Which muscles are considered to be a part of the chest wall?
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What primarily facilitates the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during breathing?
What primarily facilitates the contraction of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles during breathing?
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Which type of breathing utilizes the abdominal muscles for forced expiration?
Which type of breathing utilizes the abdominal muscles for forced expiration?
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During quiet inhalation, which action occurs to the diaphragm?
During quiet inhalation, which action occurs to the diaphragm?
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What is the effect on thoracic pressure during quiet expiration?
What is the effect on thoracic pressure during quiet expiration?
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What type of rib movement is primarily associated with the upper ribs (1-6) during inhalation?
What type of rib movement is primarily associated with the upper ribs (1-6) during inhalation?
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What mechanism is primarily responsible for air being sucked into the lungs?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for air being sucked into the lungs?
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Which of the following describes the role of the intercostal muscles during tidal breathing?
Which of the following describes the role of the intercostal muscles during tidal breathing?
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What type of pressure gradient does air move down during breathing?
What type of pressure gradient does air move down during breathing?
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What structure prevents lung expansion in the upward direction?
What structure prevents lung expansion in the upward direction?
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Which condition is characterized by compression of neurovasculature in the thoracic inlet?
Which condition is characterized by compression of neurovasculature in the thoracic inlet?
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What is the primary function of the anterior scalene muscle?
What is the primary function of the anterior scalene muscle?
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Which muscle originates from the anterior surface, costal cartilages of ribs 3-5?
Which muscle originates from the anterior surface, costal cartilages of ribs 3-5?
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What is the blood supply of the posterior scalene muscle?
What is the blood supply of the posterior scalene muscle?
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Which nerve innervates the pectoralis major muscle?
Which nerve innervates the pectoralis major muscle?
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Which part of the trapezius muscle inserts on the lateral third of the clavicle?
Which part of the trapezius muscle inserts on the lateral third of the clavicle?
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What action is primarily associated with the bilateral contraction of the anterior scalene muscle?
What action is primarily associated with the bilateral contraction of the anterior scalene muscle?
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Which muscle is responsible for elevating rib 2?
Which muscle is responsible for elevating rib 2?
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What is NOT a function of the pectoralis major muscle?
What is NOT a function of the pectoralis major muscle?
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Which cervical spinal nerves are primarily involved in the innervation of the anterior scalene muscle?
Which cervical spinal nerves are primarily involved in the innervation of the anterior scalene muscle?
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Which structure connects the thoracic cavity to the neck and upper limb?
Which structure connects the thoracic cavity to the neck and upper limb?
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Which muscle is NOT considered an accessory muscle of the shoulder girdle?
Which muscle is NOT considered an accessory muscle of the shoulder girdle?
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What action does the descending part of the pectoral muscle perform at the scapulothoracic joint?
What action does the descending part of the pectoral muscle perform at the scapulothoracic joint?
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What is a function of the unilaterally contracted pectoral muscle?
What is a function of the unilaterally contracted pectoral muscle?
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Which artery supplies the ascending part of the pectoral muscle?
Which artery supplies the ascending part of the pectoral muscle?
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What joint movement occurs at the atlantoaxial joint due to pectoral muscle action?
What joint movement occurs at the atlantoaxial joint due to pectoral muscle action?
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What is the combined effect of bilateral contraction of the pectoral muscle at the superior cervical spine?
What is the combined effect of bilateral contraction of the pectoral muscle at the superior cervical spine?
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In which region does the pectoral muscle contribute to ipsilateral rotation of the neck?
In which region does the pectoral muscle contribute to ipsilateral rotation of the neck?
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Which part of the pectoral muscle stabilizes the scapula on the thoracic wall?
Which part of the pectoral muscle stabilizes the scapula on the thoracic wall?
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What is a function of the transverse part of the pectoral muscle?
What is a function of the transverse part of the pectoral muscle?
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Which spinal nerves provide motor/sensory supply to the pectoral muscle?
Which spinal nerves provide motor/sensory supply to the pectoral muscle?
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The inferior fibers of the pectoral muscle primarily perform which action?
The inferior fibers of the pectoral muscle primarily perform which action?
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Study Notes
Chest Wall Anatomy
- The chest wall has 10 layers including epidermis, dermis, fascia, muscles, bones, pleura, and more.
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Bony Structures:
- Thoracic spine (T1-T12)
- Clavicle
- Ribs (1-12)
- True ribs (1-7) attach directly to the sternum
- False ribs (8-10) attach to the sternum via cartilage
- Floating ribs (11-12) only attach posteriorly
- Costal cartilage
- Sternum
- Manubrium
- Xiphoid process
- Sternal Angle: Acts as a hinge for movement, ossifies with age.
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Joints:
- Synovial Joints: Freely mobile, ribs, costal cartilage, vertebrae, and sternum connected via synovial joints.
- Primary Cartilaginous Joints: Bones connected by hyaline cartilage, like the 1st costal cartilage and manubrium.
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Sternocostal Joints:
- 1st Sternocostal Joint: Primary cartilaginous joint, also known as synchondrosis
- 2nd - 7th Sternocostal Joints: Synovial planar joints
- Costovertebral Joints: These include the facet joints (synovial plane joints) between the articular surfaces of the vertebrae. Key ligaments in this area: Ligamenta flava, interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligament, and intertransverse ligaments.
- Intervertebral Joints: Secondary cartilaginous joints between adjacent vertebral bodies. Key ligaments in this area: Ligamenta flava, interspinous ligaments, supraspinous ligament, and intertransverse ligaments.
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Thoracic Outlet: Transmits structures from the chest to the neck and upper limb. Key structures:
- Suprapleural membrane: A tough fascia preventing lung expansion upwards.
- Trachea, esophagus, and blood vessels pierce the membrane.
- Can cause Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS) with compression of neurovasculature.
Muscles of Breathing
- Muscles involved with breathing:
- Diaphragm: Primary muscle of inspiration, flattens and moves down when contracting.
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Intercostals:
- External Intercostals: Help elevate the ribs during inspiration.
- Internal Intercostals: Help depress the ribs during forced expiration.
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Accessory Muscles: These assist breathing, especially during forced inspiration or expiration:
- Scalenes: Anterior, middle, and posterior scalenes help elevate ribs 1 and 2.
- Pectoralis Minor: Helps elevate ribs 3-5.
- Trapezius: Helps stabilize and elevate the scapula.
- Serratus Anterior: Helps protract and elevate the scapula.
- Abdominal Muscles: Help with forced exhalation.
Physiology of Breathing
- Breathing is influenced by:
- Contraction of respiratory muscles
- Movement of the ribs
- Movement of the diaphragm
- Concentration gradients
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Two types of breathing:
- Quiet/Tidal breathing: Normal breathing at rest.
- Forced breathing: Occurs during exercise or other demanding activities.
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Rib Movements:
- Bucket Handle: Lower ribs (7-10) move upward and outward, increasing anterior-posterior diameter of the chest.
- Pump Handle: Upper ribs (1-6) rotate and move laterally outward, increasing the transverse diameter of the chest.
Inspiration (Breathing In)
-
Quiet/Tidal Inspiration:
- Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract.
- Diaphragm flattens, increasing vertical thoracic volume.
- Ribs move out and up, increasing transverse and anteroposterior thoracic volume.
- Increased thoracic volume decreases intrathoracic pressure causing air to flow into the lungs.
Expiration (Breathing Out)
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Quiet/Tidal Expiration:
- Diaphragm and external intercostals relax.
- Diaphragm domes back up, decreasing vertical thoracic volume.
- Ribs move in and down, decreasing transverse and anteroposterior thoracic volume.
- Decreased thoracic volume increases intrathoracic pressure causing air to flow out of the lungs.
Forced Expiration
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Forced expiration:
- Muscles like the abdominals and internal intercostals contract.
- Further decreases the volume of the chest cavity, increasing the pressure gradient and expelling more air.
Important Takeaways about Respiration
- Breathing in is active but unconscious.
- Air moves due to changing pressure gradients within the chest.
- Breathing out is passive at rest.
- Key muscles of breathing: Diaphragm, intercostal muscles.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the chest wall, including its various layers and bony structures. From the thoracic spine to the sternum, this quiz covers important concepts related to the joints and cartilage involved in chest wall anatomy.
