50 Questions
What is a common characteristic of a centralized system?
Single trusted arbiter
In a centralized system, what is the impact of a failure in the centralized authority?
The entire system fails
What is the risk associated with a centralized authority having the power to modify the past state?
Potential manipulation of the current state
Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of a client-server network in computing?
Dependency on server availability
What feature distinguishes a centralized system from a decentralized one based on the provided text?
Single point of failure risk
What is the role of the success node in the blockchain network?
Collect new transactions into a block
How do nodes express their acceptance of a block in the blockchain network?
Including its hash in the next block they create
In the context of blockchain technology, what decreases exponentially as the number of confirmations increases?
Double-spend probability
What is the primary method for ensuring protection against double-spending in blockchain networks?
Consensus mechanism
What is the significance of 6 confirmations in blockchain transactions according to a common heuristic?
Confirmation threshold for finality
Why is it important for Bob and Alice to agree on the state of the system?
To ensure the accuracy of the transaction history between them.
What role does blockchain play in enabling Bob and Alice to agree on the state of the system?
Ensuring decentralization and eliminating single points of failure.
What information does blockchain technology help Bob and Alice agree on?
The current bitcoin balance in each of their accounts.
Why is it undesirable to have a single trusted arbiter in a transaction system?
It introduces a single point of failure that can be compromised.
What does the statement 'Once a new record is hashed and chained, the past records cannot be modified' indicate about blockchain technology?
Blockchain provides immutability and security for historical data.
What is the main purpose of a cryptographic hash function in ensuring data integrity?
Verifying the integrity of data
Which property of a cryptographic hash function makes it difficult to find the original data 'd' given its hash value 'v'?
Preimage Resistance
What role does distributed consensus play in blockchain technology?
Ensuring all network nodes agree on the state of the ledger
In the context of Bitcoins, what is the key technical challenge related to distributed e-cash?
Achieving distributed consensus
How does a distributed consensus protocol ensure agreement among nodes in a decentralized network?
By having all honest nodes agree on a proposed value
What is the problem with having a single trusted arbiter in a transaction system?
Concentration of power
What is the main issue with a client-server network in computing?
Single point of failure
Explain the significance of blockchain technology in terms of record modification.
Past records cannot be modified
How does a distributed consensus protocol ensure agreement among nodes in a decentralized network?
Nodes reach a common decision through communication and verification
What decreases exponentially as the number of confirmations increases in blockchain transactions?
Risk of transaction reversal
What is the common characteristic of a centralized system highlighted in the text?
Single trusted arbiter
Explain how nodes express their acceptance of a block in the blockchain network.
Nodes express their acceptance of the block by including its hash in the next block they create.
What is the risk associated with a malicious adversary attempting a double-spending attack in the blockchain network?
The risk is that the adversary can deceive the network by spending the same cryptocurrency twice, undermining the integrity of transactions.
How does the number of confirmations in a blockchain transaction affect the probability of a double-spending attack?
The probability of double spending decreases exponentially with the number of confirmations.
What is the main method for ensuring protection against invalid transactions in a blockchain network?
Protection against invalid transactions is cryptographic, but enforced by consensus.
Explain the role of a malicious node in attempting a double-spending attack in the blockchain network.
A malicious node can attempt to deceive the network by creating conflicting transactions to spend the same cryptocurrency twice.
Why is it important for nodes in a blockchain network to extend the longest valid branch?
Nodes extend the longest valid branch to maintain consensus and ensure the integrity of the transaction history.
What are the three properties of a cryptographic hash function mentioned in the text?
Message Digest, Preimage Resistant, Collision Resistant
What is the fundamental concept in blockchain technology that ensures all nodes agree on the state of the ledger?
Distributed Consensus
What key technical challenge of decentralized e-cash relates to distributed consensus according to the text?
Distributed Consensus
What are the two properties of a distributed consensus protocol mentioned in the text?
Terminates and all honest nodes agree, Value proposed by an honest node
What is the role of distributed consensus in the context of Bitcoins?
Ensuring agreement among all nodes
What is the main challenge that a distributed consensus protocol aims to address in a network with faulty or malicious nodes?
Ensuring agreement on a common value
How does blockchain technology enable Bob and Alice to agree on the current state of the system?
By containing a history of individual transactions, starting from the initial state and combining it with the history to derive the current state.
What specific information do Bob and Alice need to agree on in a blockchain transaction system?
They need to agree on the amount of Bitcoins in each account, ownership of accounts, and the current state of the system.
Why is decentralization preferred in blockchain technology instead of relying on a single trusted arbiter?
Decentralization ensures there is no single point of failure, compromise, or control, providing a higher level of security and trust in the system.
What is the primary purpose of a block in a blockchain system?
A block serves as a sequence of hash-chained records that, once added, cannot be modified, ensuring the integrity and immutability of past transactions.
How does a blockchain network prevent the modification of past records?
Once a new record is added to the chain and hashed, it becomes part of an immutable sequence of blocks, making it computationally infeasible to alter past records.
What is the significance of the initial state in a blockchain transaction system?
The initial state represents the starting point of the system, and when combined with the transaction history, it determines the current state agreed upon by all parties.
How do you ensure the 'real' or 'true' state of the data in a peer-to-peer network with untrusted peers?
By implementing a decentralized system where entities do not trust each other, but agree on the history of changes.
Why was Blockchain considered unsuitable for systems requiring a high level of trust, such as money transfers?
Blockchain relies on a decentralized system where trust is not needed between entities, making it challenging for high-trust transactions.
In the context of blockchain technology, what is necessary for two parties, like Alice and Bob, to play an online game of chess?
They need to agree on the initial state of the game board and the sequence of messages that led to the current state.
What happens if Alice and Bob do not agree on the state of the chessboard in an online game?
They cannot continue playing the game as agreement on the board state is essential for gameplay.
How does blockchain technology enable participants like Bob and Alice to agree on the state of the system?
Blockchain allows participants to reach consensus on the history of changes, leading to agreement on the current system state.
What is the significance of reaching distributed consensus in a decentralized network utilizing blockchain technology?
Distributed consensus ensures that all nodes agree on the validity of transactions and the current state of the system.
Explore how distributed systems like blockchain can be used to validate the current state of a chess game, preventing manipulation of past moves. This quiz discusses the concept of ensuring data integrity and agreement in online gaming scenarios.
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