Chemotherapy of Parasitic Infections
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Questions and Answers

What is the title of the module outline?

  • Chemotherapy of Viral Infections
  • Chemotherapy of Bacterial Infections
  • Chemotherapy of Parasitic Infections (correct)
  • Chemotherapy of Fungal Infections

    • How many species of Plasmodium can cause severe illness in humans?

  • 3
  • 5 (correct)
  • 6
  • 4

    • Which Plasmodium species causes most of the serious complications and deaths?

  • P.ovale
  • P.malariae
  • P.falciparum (correct)
  • P.vivax

    • What type of nematodes cause lymphatic filarial infestation?

    <p>Filarial nematodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the sporozoites multiply in the liver?

    <p>Exoerythrocytic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the parasites escape from the liver into the bloodstream?

    <p>Merozoite stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism of action of mebendazole?

    <p>Inhibiting microtubule synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the host where the parasites multiply in the exoerythrocytic stage?

    <p>Human</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the active metabolite of albendazole?

    <p>Albendazole sulfoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of mebendazole on Trichuris eggs?

    <p>It kills them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form of the parasite that develops in the mosquito?

    <p>Sporozoite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the parasites are in the bloodstream?

    <p>Erythrocytic stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of heavy infestation with Onchocerca volvulus?

    <p>Dermatologic and ophthalmic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for mebendazole?

    <p>Ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is contraindicated in pregnancy?

    <p>Mebendazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of mebendazole?

    <p>It has a wide spectrum of anthelminthic activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of visceral leishmaniasis cases cured by Amphotericin in clinical studies?

    <p>nearly 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the problem associated with the use of Amphotericin in endemic regions?

    <p>Cost and difficulty of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of helminths?

    <p>Multicellular organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do helminths enter the human host?

    <p>Through contaminated food, bites of carrier insects, or direct penetration of the skin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most prevalent type of nematode infestation?

    <p>Ascariasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the habitat of adult pinworms?

    <p>Ileum and large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of hookworm infestation on the human body?

    <p>Chronic blood loss and anaemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of nematode infestation is characterized by larvae and adult worms inhabiting the large intestine?

    <p>Trichuriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of piperazine?

    <p>It binds directly and selectively to muscle membrane GABA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage of piperazine for ascariasis?

    <p>75 mg/kg orally once daily for 2 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of taking praziquantel with a high-carbohydrate meal?

    <p>It increases the plasma concentrations of praziquantel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cure rate of piperazine for ascariasis when taken for 2 days?

    <p>Over 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the predominant effect of piperazine on Ascaris?

    <p>A flaccid paralysis that results in expulsion of the worm by peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is piperazine not recommended for?

    <p>Other helminth infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the infrequent adverse effects of ivermectin?

    <p>Fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and rashes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who should not be given piperazine?

    <p>Pregnant women, patients with impaired renal or hepatic function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the dosage of praziquantel for schistosomiasis?

    <p>20 mg/kg per dose for two or three doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of diethylcarbamazine on microfilariae?

    <p>It immobilizes microfilariae and alters their surface structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the classification of thiabendazole?

    <p>Benzimidazole compound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cure rate for T saginata and T solium infections with a single dose of praziquantel?

    <p>Nearly 100%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of diethylcarbamazine?

    <p>Treatment of filariasis, loiasis, and tropical eosinophilia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the duration of mild and transient adverse effects of praziquantel?

    <p>About 1 day</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemotherapy of Parasitic Infections

    • Chemotherapy is used to treat parasitic infections, including protozoal infections and helminth infections.
    • Protozoal infections include malaria, amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and leishmaniasis.
    • Helminth infections include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (flatworms), and trematodes (flukes).

    Malaria

    • Five species of Plasmodium can cause human malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi.
    • P. falciparum causes the most severe complications and deaths.
    • Antimalarial agents have varying effectiveness against different parasite species and stages of the life cycle.

    Parasite Life Cycle

    • The parasite life cycle involves a mosquito vector, which becomes infected with the parasite's sexual form through human blood.
    • Sporozoites develop in the mosquito and are inoculated into humans during the next feeding.
    • In the exoerythrocytic stage, the sporozoites multiply in the liver to form tissue schizonts.
    • Then, the parasites escape into the bloodstream as merozoites.

    Anthelmintics

    • Anthelmintics are used to treat helminthic infestations, which are a broad range of diseases caused by multicellular organisms.
    • Helminths include intestinal nematodes, tissue-invading nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes.
    • They enter the human host through contaminated food, insect bites, or direct skin penetration.

    Nematode Infestations

    • Intestinal nematodes include ascariasis (giant roundworm infestation), enterobiasis (pinworm infestation), trichuriasis (whipworm infestation), and hookworm infestation.
    • Extra-intestinal nematodes include lymphatic filarial infestation and onchocerciasis (river blindness).

    Cestode Infestations

    • Cestode infestations include taeniasis (beef and pork tapeworm infestation) and trematode infestations (including schistosomiasis).

    Anthelmintic Drugs

    • Mebendazole is a synthetic benzimidazole with a wide spectrum of anthelminthic activity.

    • It acts by inhibiting microtubule synthesis, preventing glucose uptake, and killing hookworm, Ascaris, and Trichuris eggs.

    • It is used to treat ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections.

    • Mebendazole is nearly free of adverse effects, but is contraindicated in pregnancy.

    • Albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate with a broad-spectrum of anthelminthic activity.

    • It is used to treat onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, and W. bancrofti infestations.

    • Adverse effects include fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and rashes.

    • Piperazine is an alternative for the treatment of ascariasis, with cure rates over 90% when taken for 2 days.

    • It is readily absorbed orally and acts by binding to muscle membrane GABA receptors, causing hyperpolarization and flaccid paralysis of the worm.

    • Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and headache.

    • Praziquantel is a synthetic isoquinoline-pyrazine derivative that increases the permeability of trematode and cestode cell membranes to calcium, resulting in paralysis and death.

    • It is used to treat schistosomiasis, taeniasis, and other trematode and cestode infestations.

    • Adverse effects are mild and transient.

    • Diethylcarbamazine is a synthetic piperazine derivative used to treat filariasis, loiasis, and tropical eosinophilia.

    • It immobilizes microfilariae and alters their surface structure, making them susceptible to destruction by host defense mechanisms.

    • Thiabendazole is a benzimidazole compound used to treat strongyloidiasis.

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    Related Documents

    Chemotherapy of parasitic infections.ppt

    Description

    A module outline on chemotherapy of parasitic infections, including protozoal infections such as malaria, amebiasis, and giardiasis. This module covers the treatment of parasitic infections.

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