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What is the title of the module outline?
What is the title of the module outline?
How many species of Plasmodium can cause severe illness in humans?
How many species of Plasmodium can cause severe illness in humans?
Which Plasmodium species causes most of the serious complications and deaths?
Which Plasmodium species causes most of the serious complications and deaths?
What type of nematodes cause lymphatic filarial infestation?
What type of nematodes cause lymphatic filarial infestation?
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What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the sporozoites multiply in the liver?
What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the sporozoites multiply in the liver?
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What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the parasites escape from the liver into the bloodstream?
What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the parasites escape from the liver into the bloodstream?
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What is the main mechanism of action of mebendazole?
What is the main mechanism of action of mebendazole?
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What is the host where the parasites multiply in the exoerythrocytic stage?
What is the host where the parasites multiply in the exoerythrocytic stage?
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What is the active metabolite of albendazole?
What is the active metabolite of albendazole?
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What is the effect of mebendazole on Trichuris eggs?
What is the effect of mebendazole on Trichuris eggs?
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What is the form of the parasite that develops in the mosquito?
What is the form of the parasite that develops in the mosquito?
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What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the parasites are in the bloodstream?
What is the stage in the parasite life cycle where the parasites are in the bloodstream?
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What is the consequence of heavy infestation with Onchocerca volvulus?
What is the consequence of heavy infestation with Onchocerca volvulus?
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What is the indication for mebendazole?
What is the indication for mebendazole?
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What is contraindicated in pregnancy?
What is contraindicated in pregnancy?
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What is the characteristic of mebendazole?
What is the characteristic of mebendazole?
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What is the percentage of visceral leishmaniasis cases cured by Amphotericin in clinical studies?
What is the percentage of visceral leishmaniasis cases cured by Amphotericin in clinical studies?
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What is the problem associated with the use of Amphotericin in endemic regions?
What is the problem associated with the use of Amphotericin in endemic regions?
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What is the classification of helminths?
What is the classification of helminths?
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How do helminths enter the human host?
How do helminths enter the human host?
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What is the most prevalent type of nematode infestation?
What is the most prevalent type of nematode infestation?
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What is the habitat of adult pinworms?
What is the habitat of adult pinworms?
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What is the effect of hookworm infestation on the human body?
What is the effect of hookworm infestation on the human body?
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What type of nematode infestation is characterized by larvae and adult worms inhabiting the large intestine?
What type of nematode infestation is characterized by larvae and adult worms inhabiting the large intestine?
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What is the mechanism of action of piperazine?
What is the mechanism of action of piperazine?
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What is the dosage of piperazine for ascariasis?
What is the dosage of piperazine for ascariasis?
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What is the effect of taking praziquantel with a high-carbohydrate meal?
What is the effect of taking praziquantel with a high-carbohydrate meal?
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What is the cure rate of piperazine for ascariasis when taken for 2 days?
What is the cure rate of piperazine for ascariasis when taken for 2 days?
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What is the predominant effect of piperazine on Ascaris?
What is the predominant effect of piperazine on Ascaris?
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What is piperazine not recommended for?
What is piperazine not recommended for?
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What are the infrequent adverse effects of ivermectin?
What are the infrequent adverse effects of ivermectin?
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Who should not be given piperazine?
Who should not be given piperazine?
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What is the dosage of praziquantel for schistosomiasis?
What is the dosage of praziquantel for schistosomiasis?
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What is the effect of diethylcarbamazine on microfilariae?
What is the effect of diethylcarbamazine on microfilariae?
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What is the classification of thiabendazole?
What is the classification of thiabendazole?
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What is the cure rate for T saginata and T solium infections with a single dose of praziquantel?
What is the cure rate for T saginata and T solium infections with a single dose of praziquantel?
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What is the primary use of diethylcarbamazine?
What is the primary use of diethylcarbamazine?
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What is the duration of mild and transient adverse effects of praziquantel?
What is the duration of mild and transient adverse effects of praziquantel?
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Study Notes
Chemotherapy of Parasitic Infections
- Chemotherapy is used to treat parasitic infections, including protozoal infections and helminth infections.
- Protozoal infections include malaria, amebiasis, giardiasis, trichomoniasis, and leishmaniasis.
- Helminth infections include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (flatworms), and trematodes (flukes).
Malaria
- Five species of Plasmodium can cause human malaria: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi.
- P. falciparum causes the most severe complications and deaths.
- Antimalarial agents have varying effectiveness against different parasite species and stages of the life cycle.
Parasite Life Cycle
- The parasite life cycle involves a mosquito vector, which becomes infected with the parasite's sexual form through human blood.
- Sporozoites develop in the mosquito and are inoculated into humans during the next feeding.
- In the exoerythrocytic stage, the sporozoites multiply in the liver to form tissue schizonts.
- Then, the parasites escape into the bloodstream as merozoites.
Anthelmintics
- Anthelmintics are used to treat helminthic infestations, which are a broad range of diseases caused by multicellular organisms.
- Helminths include intestinal nematodes, tissue-invading nematodes, cestodes, and trematodes.
- They enter the human host through contaminated food, insect bites, or direct skin penetration.
Nematode Infestations
- Intestinal nematodes include ascariasis (giant roundworm infestation), enterobiasis (pinworm infestation), trichuriasis (whipworm infestation), and hookworm infestation.
- Extra-intestinal nematodes include lymphatic filarial infestation and onchocerciasis (river blindness).
Cestode Infestations
- Cestode infestations include taeniasis (beef and pork tapeworm infestation) and trematode infestations (including schistosomiasis).
Anthelmintic Drugs
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Mebendazole is a synthetic benzimidazole with a wide spectrum of anthelminthic activity.
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It acts by inhibiting microtubule synthesis, preventing glucose uptake, and killing hookworm, Ascaris, and Trichuris eggs.
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It is used to treat ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections.
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Mebendazole is nearly free of adverse effects, but is contraindicated in pregnancy.
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Albendazole is a benzimidazole carbamate with a broad-spectrum of anthelminthic activity.
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It is used to treat onchocerciasis, strongyloidiasis, and W. bancrofti infestations.
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Adverse effects include fatigue, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and rashes.
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Piperazine is an alternative for the treatment of ascariasis, with cure rates over 90% when taken for 2 days.
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It is readily absorbed orally and acts by binding to muscle membrane GABA receptors, causing hyperpolarization and flaccid paralysis of the worm.
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Adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, dizziness, and headache.
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Praziquantel is a synthetic isoquinoline-pyrazine derivative that increases the permeability of trematode and cestode cell membranes to calcium, resulting in paralysis and death.
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It is used to treat schistosomiasis, taeniasis, and other trematode and cestode infestations.
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Adverse effects are mild and transient.
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Diethylcarbamazine is a synthetic piperazine derivative used to treat filariasis, loiasis, and tropical eosinophilia.
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It immobilizes microfilariae and alters their surface structure, making them susceptible to destruction by host defense mechanisms.
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Thiabendazole is a benzimidazole compound used to treat strongyloidiasis.
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Description
A module outline on chemotherapy of parasitic infections, including protozoal infections such as malaria, amebiasis, and giardiasis. This module covers the treatment of parasitic infections.
