Cancer Chemotherapy and Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of apoptosis in the development of an organism?

  • To facilitate proper development and destroy cells that would affect the integrity of the organism (correct)
  • To initiate the process of uncontrolled cell division
  • To promote the proliferation of abnormal cells
  • To inhibit the process of programmed cell death

    • What is the characteristic that distinguishes malignant tumours from benign tumours?

  • Metastasis (correct)
  • De-differentiation
  • Uncontrolled proliferation
  • Invasive nature

    • What is the result of mutations in genes that regulate apoptosis?

  • The inhibition of uncontrolled cell division
  • The development of cancer cells (correct)
  • The initiation of cellular differentiation
  • The promotion of programmed cell death

    • What is the age-related factor that influences the development of cancer?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer development with increased age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of cancer development?

    <p>Mutations in genes that facilitate normal physiological function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of normal cells that is lacking in cancerous cells?

    <p>The components that instruct them to stop dividing and to die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of carcinogen is known to stimulate cell proliferation and is referred to as a tumor promoter?

    <p>Estrogen at excess levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of cancer chemotherapy?

    <p>To produce total tumor cell kill, with the elimination of all neoplastic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following drugs is derived from the periwinkle plant (Catharantus roseus)?

    <p>Vincristine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At which stage of the cell cycle do Vinca alkaloids exert their effect?

    <p>During mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of Vinca alkaloids?

    <p>Disruption of microtubule formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is early treatment critical in cancer chemotherapy?

    <p>Because the greater the tumor burden, the more difficult it is to treat the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of vinca alkaloids in cancer treatment?

    <p>Interference with chromosome segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of excretion for vincristine sulfate?

    <p>Fecal excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enzyme responsible for converting folate to tetrahydrofolate (FH4)?

    <p>Dihydrofolate reductase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference in toxicity between vincristine and vinblastine?

    <p>Vincristine is more neurotoxic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the protein binding percentage of vinblastine?

    <p>98-99%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of vincristine?

    <p>Triphasic: 5 minutes, 2 hours, 85 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of Methotrexate's inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase?

    <p>Indirect inhibition of DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Methotrexate's metabolic products?

    <p>Retained in the cell for weeks or months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary route of excretion for Methotrexate?

    <p>Urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of alkylating agents?

    <p>Binding covalently to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the 'Folinic acid (leucovorin) rescue technique'?

    <p>To reduce the toxicity of Methotrexate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target of alkylating agents in DNA?

    <p>N-7 of guanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the metabolism of cyclophosphamide in the liver?

    <p>Formation of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and subsequent nonenzymatic cleavage to aldophosphamide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the indication for the use of alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide in cancer treatment?

    <p>To treat malignant lymphomas, leukemias, and multiple myeloma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ability of nitrosoureas to cross the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>It allows for the treatment of brain tumors and meninges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of alkylating agents like nitrogen mustards and nitrosoureas?

    <p>Inhibition of DNA replication by forming inter-strand cross links</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common adverse effect of alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and lomustine?

    <p>Bone marrow depression and hemorrhagic cystitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CYP3A4 in the metabolism of cyclophosphamide?

    <p>It converts cyclophosphamide to its active form</p> Signup and view all the answers

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