Chemotherapeutic Agents Overview

It must be a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, antagonize the growth of other microorganisms, be effective in low concentrations, and be a naturally occurring or synthetic product similar to natural antibiotics.

Classical β-Lactam and Nonclassical β-Lactam.

Sir Alexander Fleming.

<p>Non β-Lactam antibiotics are those that do not contain the β-Lactam ring; one class is Macrolides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Classical β-Lactam and Nonclassical β-Lactam.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam, and Carbapenems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used to treat serious infections caused by aerobic Gram-negative bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fusidic acid is classified as a Non β-Lactam antibiotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria develop resistance primarily through the formation of enzymes called penicillinases that deactivate penicillins by opening the β-lactam ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gram-negative bacilli typically show natural resistance to penicillins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transpeptidase is an enzyme that helps in the formation of cross-links between peptidoglycan layers in the bacterial cell wall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicilloic acid is a product formed when penicillin is inactivated by β-lactamase enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Natural penicillins are produced directly from culture media, while their derivatives, such as sodium salt, are modified forms designed for specific uses like IV injection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The compound primarily responsible for penicillin inactivation is β-lactamase, which catalyzes the breaking of the β-lactam ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacterial strains can show resistance through mutations that lead to structural changes in their cell components, reducing penicillin's efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin G, also known as benzyl penicillin, is a naturally produced penicillin typically available in a sodium salt form for intravenous use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxacillin is a type of oxacillin antibiotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aminopenicillins are characterized by the presence of an α-amino group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Polar groups like NH2 or OH help facilitate penetration through porin channels in Gram-negative bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carboxypenicillins have structural modifications making them less susceptible to β-lactamase enzymes compared to ampicillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Temocillin is primarily used for treating multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oral stability means that these penicillins can be taken without being destroyed in the acidic environment of the stomach.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broad-spectrum penicillins are primarily used for the treatment of Pseudomonas infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carbenicillin is distinguished by its activity against certain Gram-negative bacteria, but it is susceptible to degradation by β-lactamase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is active against a wide range of Gram positive bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Allergic reactions and β-lactamase sensitivity are significant drawbacks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It prevents acidic rearrangement, making the penicillin acid stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is effective only against Gram positive bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bulky group on the side chain hinders enzyme attack on the β-lactam ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The introduction of bulky and electron withdrawing groups in the acylamino side chain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>β-lactamase breaks down β-lactam antibiotics, leading to bacterial resistance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is administered by injection only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It marked the discovery of penicillin, the first true antibiotic.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis by irreversibly blocking transpeptidases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillin has a β-lactam ring fused to a thiazolidine ring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They enhance the effectiveness of penicillin against bacteria that produce β-lactamase enzymes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Penicillins are potent and low in toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pKa is 2.6 - 2.7.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are three chiral C-atoms in penicillin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because it contains a β-lactam ring which is essential for its antibacterial activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers