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Questions and Answers
What is the primary characteristic of water molecules that allows them to create hydrogen bonds between each other?
What is the primary characteristic of water molecules that allows them to create hydrogen bonds between each other?
- Neutral molecules
- Ionized molecules
- Non-polar molecules
- Polar molecules (correct)
Water is a non-polar molecule.
Water is a non-polar molecule.
False (B)
What is the definition of a strong acid or base?
What is the definition of a strong acid or base?
A strong acid or base is one that completely dissociates in water.
A _______________ is a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base.
A _______________ is a solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base.
Which of the following properties of water is responsible for its high surface tension?
Which of the following properties of water is responsible for its high surface tension?
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Match the following terms with their definitions:
Water has a low boiling point and melting point.
Water has a low boiling point and melting point.
Water is a _______________ molecule, meaning it has a slightly positive charge on one end and a slightly negative charge on the other.
Water is a _______________ molecule, meaning it has a slightly positive charge on one end and a slightly negative charge on the other.
What is the approximate distance of a covalent bond?
What is the approximate distance of a covalent bond?
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to determine the pH of a buffer solution.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used to determine the pH of a buffer solution.
What is the purpose of a buffer solution?
What is the purpose of a buffer solution?
The bicarbonate buffer system in the blood involves the equilibrium between __________ and __________.
The bicarbonate buffer system in the blood involves the equilibrium between __________ and __________.
Match the following types of non-covalent interactions with their descriptions:
Match the following types of non-covalent interactions with their descriptions:
What is the approximate number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule at room temperature?
What is the approximate number of hydrogen bonds per water molecule at room temperature?
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is only effective when the pH is within 1 unit of the pKa of the acid.
The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is only effective when the pH is within 1 unit of the pKa of the acid.
The ratio of acid to base in a buffer solution is related to the __________ of the acid.
The ratio of acid to base in a buffer solution is related to the __________ of the acid.
What is the primary characteristic of a homogenous mixture?
What is the primary characteristic of a homogenous mixture?
Metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Metals are poor conductors of heat and electricity.
What is the smallest stable form of matter in the universe?
What is the smallest stable form of matter in the universe?
The subatomic particle with a positive charge is the _______________________
The subatomic particle with a positive charge is the _______________________
Match the following groups of elements with their characteristics:
Match the following groups of elements with their characteristics:
What is the characteristic of nonmetals?
What is the characteristic of nonmetals?
Atoms are composed of only two subatomic particles.
Atoms are composed of only two subatomic particles.
What is the exception to the general characteristic of metals being shiny solids at room temperature?
What is the exception to the general characteristic of metals being shiny solids at room temperature?
What is the primary function of the phosphate buffer in biological systems?
What is the primary function of the phosphate buffer in biological systems?
The pH of blood is controlled solely by the kidneys.
The pH of blood is controlled solely by the kidneys.
What is the term for the tendency of hydrophobic molecules to coalesce in an aqueous environment?
What is the term for the tendency of hydrophobic molecules to coalesce in an aqueous environment?
The pKa value of carboxylic acids is approximately _______.
The pKa value of carboxylic acids is approximately _______.
Match the following biological buffers with their locations:
Match the following biological buffers with their locations:
What type of compounds are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water?
What type of compounds are capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water?
What is the term for the process by which the lungs regulate blood pH?
What is the term for the process by which the lungs regulate blood pH?
Water is capable of dissolving ionic compounds, polar compounds, and amphipathic molecules.
Water is capable of dissolving ionic compounds, polar compounds, and amphipathic molecules.
What is the primary factor that determines the location of electrons outside the nucleus?
What is the primary factor that determines the location of electrons outside the nucleus?
It is possible to know the speed of an electron simultaneously.
It is possible to know the speed of an electron simultaneously.
What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
What is the relationship between the number of protons and electrons in a neutral atom?
The mass of an electron is considered _______________ so we ignore it.
The mass of an electron is considered _______________ so we ignore it.
Match the following subatomic particles with their properties:
Match the following subatomic particles with their properties:
What is the term for atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons?
What is the term for atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons?
What is the mass number (A) of an atom with 17 protons and 18 neutrons?
What is the mass number (A) of an atom with 17 protons and 18 neutrons?
The nucleus is the location of most of the atom's mass.
The nucleus is the location of most of the atom's mass.
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Study Notes
Properties of Water
- Water is a liquid at normal temperature with a high boiling point and melting point.
- Exhibits high heats of fusion and vaporization, and has a considerable heat capacity.
- Surface tension is significant, which can be observed when diving into water.
- Water molecules are polar, creating hydrogen bonds that allow interaction with charged molecules.
Acids and Bases
- Acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.
- Strong acids and bases dissociate completely in solution; weak acids and bases exist in equilibrium with their conjugates.
- Buffers maintain pH stability in solutions by absorbing excess acids or bases.
Buffers
- Are solutions containing weak acids and their conjugate bases to resist pH changes.
- Buffer capacity depends on the molar concentration and the ratio of acid to base.
- Effective within ±1 pH unit of their pKa.
Hydrogen Bonding in Water
- Water can form 2.3 hydrogen bonds at 0°C and can form a maximum of 4 hydrogen bonds in ice.
- Constant breakage and formation of bonds contribute to water’s unique properties, including its high heat of vaporization.
Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation
- Formula used to relate pH, pKa, and concentrations of acid and base in buffer systems:
- ( pH = pKa + \log \left[ \frac{[A^-]}{[HA]} \right] )
Biological Buffers
- Key examples include bicarbonate in blood:
- Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) equilibrates with carbonic acid (H₂CO₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) to regulate blood pH (approx. 7.4).
- Phosphate buffers are used intracellularly, with pKa approximately 7.2.
Water as a Universal Solvent
- Water dissolves ionic and polar compounds, including amphipathic molecules that form micelles in solution.
Characteristics of Mixtures
- Mixtures can be homogeneous (uniform composition) or heterogeneous (varying composition).
- Subdivided into elements and compounds for pure substances, and also classified into homogenous and heterogeneous mixtures.
Elements and the Periodic Table
- Elements divided into metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
- Metals are good conductors, shiny at room temperature (except mercury), and typically located on the left side of the periodic table.
- Nonmetals have dull appearances, are poor conductors, and reside on the right side of the periodic table.
Atomic Structure
- Atoms consist of protons (positive charge), neutrons (neutral), and electrons (negative charge).
- Protons and electrons are charged; neutrons have negligible mass.
- Atomic number (Z) equals the number of protons and is unique to each element.
Isotopes
- Isotopes of an element have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons.
- Mass number (A) is the total of protons and neutrons in an atom.
Nucleus Structure
- Nucleus contains protons and neutrons and is where most atomic mass is concentrated.
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