Chemistry Unit 2 - Models of Covalent Bonding
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Questions and Answers

What type of elements typically undergo covalent bonding?

  • Metalloids only
  • Non-metals only (correct)
  • Noble gases
  • Metals and non-metals

How many hydrogen atoms are needed for a stable molecule of methane, based on carbon's electron requirements?

  • 5 hydrogen atoms
  • 2 hydrogen atoms
  • 4 hydrogen atoms (correct)
  • 3 hydrogen atoms

In the covalent bond between carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide (CO2), how many electrons does oxygen need to achieve a stable configuration?

  • 6 electrons
  • 4 electrons
  • 2 electrons (correct)
  • 8 electrons

What does a double covalent bond indicate about the number of shared electrons?

<p>Four shared electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly illustrates a Lewis structure for a molecule?

<p>Dots representing only valence electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of drawing Lewis structures?

<p>To illustrate covalent bonds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many electrons does carbon have available for bonding based on its valence electrons?

<p>4 electrons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is most likely to form covalent bonds?

<p>Water (H2O) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps to predict and build a model of covalent molecules?

<p>Determine the valence electrons, draw Lewis symbols, predict electron pairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes substances that undergo covalent bonding?

<p>They are formed between two nonmetals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is illustrated by the Lewis structures?

<p>The bonding and lone pairs in a molecule. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the properties of covalent compounds generally differ from ionic compounds?

<p>Covalent compounds are primarily gases or liquids at room temperature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of identifying single, double, or triple bonds when drawing Lewis structures?

<p>To accurately represent the sharing of electrons between atoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When building physical models of covalent molecules, which aspect is essential to consider?

<p>The molecular geometry and bond types. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'valence electrons' refer to?

<p>Electrons involved in chemical bonding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critical-thinking skill is emphasized when applying knowledge of covalent bonding?

<p>Applying key ideas and facts in new situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substances typically undergo covalent bonding?

<p>Nonmetals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of ionic compounds leads to their higher boiling points compared to covalent compounds?

<p>Strong electrostatic forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly illustrates a covalent bond using Lewis structures?

<p>Two dots between elements represent shared electrons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes a property of covalent compounds?

<p>They usually exist as gases or liquids at room temperature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do intermolecular forces affect the boiling points of covalent compounds?

<p>They require less energy to overcome. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In ionic compounds, what role do lattice structures play?

<p>They provide structural integrity and stability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor in the difference in boiling points between ionic and covalent compounds?

<p>The strength of the ionic versus covalent bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is essential for understanding covalent bonding concepts?

<p>Using scientific language to communicate ideas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the process of covalent bonding?

<p>The sharing of electrons between two or more atoms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Lewis Structures primarily illustrate?

<p>The covalent bonds between atoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a key concept related to covalent bonding?

<p>Covalent bonds are formed between atoms to achieve a noble gas electron configuration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does bonding type influence the properties of a compound?

<p>It impacts the compound's boiling point and solubility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of molecular modeling, what does the term 'orientation in space and time' refer to?

<p>The representation of the spatial arrangement of atoms over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would not be illustrated in a Lewis Structure?

<p>The overall molecular shape (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using molecular modeling in chemistry?

<p>To visualize and understand the structure and properties of molecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is critical when constructing covalent compounds?

<p>The ability of atoms to achieve noble gas electron configurations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Covalent Bonding and Non-Metals

Covalent bonds usually form between non-metal atoms.

Single Covalent Bond

A single covalent bond involves one shared pair of electrons between two atoms.

Double Covalent Bond

A double covalent bond involves two shared pairs of electrons between two atoms.

Triple Covalent Bond

A triple covalent bond involves three shared pairs of electrons between two atoms.

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Lewis Structures

Lewis structures are diagrams that represent the bonding between atoms in a molecule.

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Bond Type and Properties

The type of bonding affects a substance's properties, such as melting point and boiling point.

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Covalent Bonding Model

A model is a representation of a real-world phenomenon.

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Critical Thinking

Critical thinking involves analyzing and evaluating information to form judgments.

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Covalent Bonding

The sharing of electrons between two nonmetal atoms, leading to the formation of a stable molecule.

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Valence Electrons

The number of electrons an atom can gain, lose, or share to achieve a stable electron configuration.

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Octet Rule

The tendency of atoms to achieve a stable electron configuration by gaining, losing, or sharing electrons.

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Molecular Model

A physical model representing the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule, showing the bond lengths and angles.

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Lewis Symbol

A visual representation of an atom that shows the valence electrons as dots surrounding the chemical symbol.

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Electronegativity

The ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where the electron pair is shared equally between the two atoms.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A covalent bond where the electron pair is shared unequally between the two atoms. The more electronegative atom has a stronger pull on the shared pair.

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Models

Representations of real-world objects or phenomena that simplify and clarify the understanding of complex concepts.

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Bonding and Properties

The way atoms are arranged and the forces that hold them together influence the molecule's physical properties.

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Covalent Compounds

Covalent compounds are formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

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Ionic Bonding

Ionic bonds involve the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom, creating ions with opposite charges that attract each other.

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Bonding Type and Properties

The type of bonding in a compound (ionic or covalent) affects its properties, such as melting point, boiling point, and conductivity.

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Intermolecular Forces

Intermolecular forces, also called van der Waals forces, are weak attractions between molecules due to temporary or permanent dipoles.

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Lattice Structures

Lattice structures are 3D arrangements of particles, such as atoms, ions, or molecules, in a crystalline solid.

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Boiling Points of Ionic vs. Covalent Compounds

Ionic compounds have higher boiling points than covalent compounds because the strong electrostatic forces between ions require more energy to break apart.

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Study Notes

Unit 2 (9) - Models

  • Molecular modelling is used to visualize chemical structures, displaying their orientation in time and space.
  • Key concepts include models and systems.
  • Inquiry questions include:
    • What is covalent bonding?
    • How do we represent covalent bonding using Lewis Structures?
    • To what extent does the bonding of a compound effect its physical properties?

Learning Outcomes

  • Outline substances undergoing covalent bonding.
  • Illustrate covalent bonds using Lewis Structures.
  • Understand how concepts relate to systems and models.
  • Apply knowledge and understanding to construct a wide variety of covalent compounds.

Starter Activity

  • Describe what Lewis symbols show about elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur.
  • Draw Lewis symbols for hydrogen, boron, phosphorus, fluorine, chlorine, silicon, and oxygen.
  • What is already known about covalent bonding?

What is Covalent Bonding?

  • Sharing of electrons between two or more atoms to obtain a noble gas electron configuration.
  • Electrostatic attraction between a shared pair of electrons and the positively charged nuclei.
  • Tends to occur between nonmetals.

Model of Covalent Bonding in Methane

  • Hydrogen has one electron and needs one more.
  • Carbon has four electrons and needs four more.
  • Each carbon atom needs four hydrogen atoms for a stable molecule.
  • Each bond involves shared ownership of electrons.

Model of Covalent Bonding in Carbon Dioxide

  • Oxygen has six electrons and needs two more.
  • Carbon has four electrons and needs four more.
  • Formula: COâ‚‚
  • Explanations of bonding interactions are needed.

Worked Example: Lewis Structures

  • Hydrogen (Hâ‚‚): One electron is shared to achieve a full outer shell.

  • Oxygen (Oâ‚‚): Two shared pairs of electrons (double bond) satisfy the octet rule.

  • Fluorine (Fâ‚‚): One electron is shared.

Task 1: Build Structural Models

  • Follow steps to predict and build models for various covalent molecules.
    • Determine valence electrons for each atom.
    • Draw Lewis symbols for each atom.
    • Predict electron pairs to be shared in the molecule.
    • Draw Lewis structure for the molecule.
    • Build physical molecular models.
    • Examples include chlorine (Clâ‚‚), bromine (Brâ‚‚), methane (CHâ‚„), nitrogen (Nâ‚‚), hydrogen fluoride (HF), carbon dioxide (COâ‚‚), carbon monoxide (CO), ammonia (NH₃).

How do the properties of ionic and covalent substances vary?

  • Ionic Compounds: Metal + Non-Metal, Transfer electrons, Positive/Negative charges, Solid at room temp, High melting/boiling points
  • Covalent Compounds: Non-Metal + Non-Metal, Sharing electrons, No charges, Solid, liquid, or gas at room temp, Low melting/boiling points

Plenary

  • What are the fundamental reasons for higher boiling points of ionic compounds compared to covalent compounds?
  • How do intermolecular forces and lattice structures influence properties?
  • Sample answer: Ionic compounds have high boiling points due to strong electrostatic forces between ions, requiring a lot of energy to break bonds. Covalent compounds have lower boiling points due to weaker forces needing less energy to overcome.

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Related Documents

L7 Covalent Bonding PDF

Description

Explore the key concepts of molecular modeling and covalent bonding in this quiz. You'll learn how to represent covalent bonds using Lewis Structures and investigate the relationship between bonding and the physical properties of compounds. Test your understanding of these critical chemistry concepts through inquiry questions and practical activities.

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