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Questions and Answers
What is chemistry?
What is chemistry?
Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes.
What are the three states of matter?
What are the three states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas.
Which of the following are types of mixtures?
Which of the following are types of mixtures?
A substance can vary in composition from sample to sample.
A substance can vary in composition from sample to sample.
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What are atoms?
What are atoms?
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What is an element?
What is an element?
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What is a compound?
What is a compound?
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What distinguishes a compound from an element?
What distinguishes a compound from an element?
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Which statement about mixtures is correct?
Which statement about mixtures is correct?
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What characterizes intensive properties?
What characterizes intensive properties?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding elements?
Which of the following statements is true regarding elements?
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Which of the following describes a chemical change?
Which of the following describes a chemical change?
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What are molecules composed of?
What are molecules composed of?
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When water evaporates, what type of change is occurring?
When water evaporates, what type of change is occurring?
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Which term accurately describes a homogeneous mixture?
Which term accurately describes a homogeneous mixture?
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How can mixtures be separated?
How can mixtures be separated?
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What is an example of an extensive property?
What is an example of an extensive property?
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Study Notes
Chemistry: The Study of Matter
- Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes.
- It's fundamental to many science-related fields.
Matter: Definition and Classification
- Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space.
- Matter is classified by its state (solid, liquid, gas) and composition.
States of Matter
- The three primary states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
- Examples: ice (solid), liquid water, and water vapor (gas).
Classification of Matter Based on Composition
- Matter can be classified as a homogeneous mixture, heterogeneous mixture, element, or compound.
Substances: Elements and Compounds
- A substance has fixed properties and a consistent composition.
- An element cannot be broken down into simpler substances.
- A compound can be decomposed into simpler substances because it's made of more than one element.
Atoms as Building Blocks
- Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
- Each element is composed of a unique type of atom, potentially consisting of multiple atoms.
Classification of Matter
- Matter is classified into homogeneous mixtures, heterogeneous mixtures, elements, and compounds.
- Substances have distinct properties and a composition that doesn't vary.
- Elements cannot be decomposed into simpler substances; compounds can be.
- Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Elements consist of one type of atom, while compounds contain atoms of two or more different elements. Groups of atoms are called molecules.
- There are currently 118 named elements.
Properties of Matter
- Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance (e.g., density, boiling point, color). They are useful for identification.
- Extensive properties depend on the amount of substance (e.g., mass, volume, energy).
Changes in Matter
- Physical changes alter matter without changing its composition (e.g., changes in state, temperature, volume).
- Chemical changes result in new substances (e.g., combustion, oxidation, decomposition). Changes in color often indicate a chemical change.
- Changes in the state of matter (solid, liquid, gas) are physical changes.
Separating Mixtures
- Mixtures can be separated based on the physical properties of their components. Work and heat are forms of energy involved in separation.
Energy
- Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy of motion: KE = ½mv².
- Potential energy depends on an object's relative position.
Measurements in Chemistry
- Numbers are crucial in chemistry; many concepts are quantitative.
- Key concepts include units of measurement, measured and calculated quantities, uncertainty, significant figures, and dimensional analysis.
SI Units
- The International System of Units (SI) uses a base unit for each quantity.
Metric System Units
- Base units: gram (mass), meter (length), second (time), degree Celsius/Kelvin (temperature), mole (amount of substance), liter (volume).
- Prefixes modify base units for practical usage.
Mass, Length, and Volume
- Mass measures the amount of material; the kilogram (SI) and gram (metric) are base units.
- Length measures distance; the meter is the base unit.
- Volume is a derived unit (length³); common metric units are liters and milliliters (cubic centimeters).
Measuring Volume
- Various glassware (e.g., graduated cylinders, burets) are used for measuring volume.
Temperature
- Temperature indicates the direction of heat flow; heat moves from higher to lower temperatures.
- Celsius and Kelvin scales are used scientifically; Fahrenheit is common in everyday use.
- Kelvin (K) = °C + 273.15
- °F = 9/5(°C) + 32
- °C = 5/9(°F − 32)
- Absolute zero (0 K) is the lowest possible temperature.
Energy
- The Joule (J) is the unit of energy; kJ is commonly used in chemistry. The calorie (cal) is historically used (1 cal = 4.184 J), distinct from the nutritional Calorie (kcal).
Density
- Density (D) is a physical property: D = m/V (mass/volume). Common units are g/mL or g/cm³.
Numbers in Science
- Exact numbers are counted or defined; inexact numbers are measured and have uncertainty.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of chemistry, focusing on matter and its classifications. Learn about the states of matter, distinct properties of substances, and the role of atoms as building blocks. This quiz is essential for understanding the basics of chemical science.
