Chemistry Solutions and Saturation

Solutions

• Definition: A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, existing as a single phase with no distinguishable component boundaries. Examples include seawater, air, soft drinks, and brass.

• Properties:

  • Retains the properties of its individual components.
  • Variable composition - the amounts of solute and solvent can be adjusted.

• Components:

  • Solute: The component present in a smaller quantity, which dissolves in the solvent. Example: Salt is the solute in a salt solution.
  • Solvent: The component present in a larger quantity, which dissolves the solute. Example: Water is the solvent in a salt solution.

Saturation

• Saturated Solution: A solution where no more solute can be dissolved at a given temperature. The dissolved and undissolved solute are in equilibrium. Saturated solution can be prepared by adding solute incrementally to a solvent until no more dissolves.

• Unsaturated Solution: A solution where more solute can still be dissolved at the given temperature.

• Super Saturated Solution: A solution containing more solute than a saturated solution at a particular temperature.

Concentration

• Dilute Solution: A solution containing a relatively small amount (fewer moles or grams) of dissolved solute. Example: 5g of sodium chloride (NaCl) in 1 dm3 of water.

• Concentrated Solution: A solution containing a relatively large amount (more moles or grams) of dissolved solute. Example: Brine is a concentrated salt solution.

Aqueous Solution

• Definition: A solution in which water is the solvent. Examples include sugar in water, salt in water.

Physical States of Solutions

• Gaseous Solutions: Example: Air.
• Solid Solutions: Example: Alloys, dental amalgam.
• Liquid Solutions: Example: Seawater, soft drinks.

Distinguishing Solutions from Pure Liquids

• A pure liquid will evaporate completely, leaving no residue.
• A solution will leave a residue after evaporation.

Components of Soft Drinks

• Common components of soft drinks include:
  • Water (Solvent)
  • Carbon Dioxide
  • Sugar
  • Salt
  • Flavors and Colors