Chemistry Review: Concepts and Properties
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Questions and Answers

What are the three main types of hazard symbols used in the Hazardous Household Product Symbols system?

  • Danger, Warning, Caution (correct)
  • Poisonous, Flammable, Explosive
  • Poisonous, Flammable, Corrosive
  • Danger, Warning, Corrossive

What are two pieces of evidence that a substance has undergone a physical change?

Change in state (solid, liquid, gas) or dissolving (change in state to aqueous)

What are five pieces of evidence that a substance has undergone a chemical change?

Change in color, change in odor, formation of precipitate (solid), formation of gas (bubbles), and emits energy (heat/light)

The boiling point of a substance is a chemical property.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a pure substance?

<p>Air (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following scientists with their respective models of the atom:

<p>Dalton = Billiard Ball Model J.J. Thompson = Raisin Bun Model Rutherford = Rutherford Model Bohr = Solar System Model De Broglie and Schrödinger = Quantum Mechanical Model</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main subatomic particles that make up an atom?

<p>Protons, neutrons, and electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

The number of protons in an atom is referred to as its ______.

<p>Atomic number</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do atoms form ions?

<p>Atoms form ions to achieve a stable electron configuration, typically by gaining or losing electrons to achieve a full outer shell (valence).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different number of electrons.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a polyatomic ion?

<p>Sulfate ion (SO4 2-) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of chemical compounds?

<p>Ionic compounds and molecular compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of ionic compounds?

<p>They conduct electricity in solutions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main rule to remember when writing the formula for an ionic compound?

<p>Balance the charges of the cation and anion to ensure the overall charge of the compound is neutral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the compound with the formula FeCl3?

<p>Iron (III) Chloride (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polyatomic ions are formed by the combination of two or more non-metals.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Molecular compounds are typically formed by the combination of a metal and a non-metal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the rules for naming binary molecular compounds?

<p>The name of the more electronegative element is written first, followed by the name of the less electronegative element with the suffix '-ide'. Prefixes such as 'mono-, di-, tri-' are used to indicate the number of each element in the compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many atoms are present in one molecule of the compound PCl5?

<p>6</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a diatomic element?

<p>Oxygen (O2) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main properties of ionic compounds?

<p>Ionic compounds generally have high melting points, conduct electricity in solutions, form a crystal lattice structure, are solid at room temperature, and have varying solubility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements is TRUE about molecular compounds?

<p>Molecular compounds have low melting points compared to ionic compounds. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between acids and bases?

<p>Acids turn blue litmus red, and bases turn red litmus blue. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do you write the formula for a base?

<p>You can generally write the formula for a base by starting with the metal cation followed by the hydroxide ion (OH-), balancing the charges to ensure a neutral compound.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a Safety Data Sheet (SDS)?

A document containing detailed information about a chemical, including hazards, first aid measures, storage, physical and chemical properties, etc.

What are physical properties?

Describe the physical appearance and composition of a substance. Examples include melting point, boiling point, density, solubility, and color.

What are chemical properties?

Describe the reactivity of a substance. Examples include ability to burn, reactivity with acid, and reactivity with water.

What is a physical change?

A substance appears different but is still made up of the same atoms. Examples include changes of state (solid, liquid, gas), dissolving (change of state to aqueous).

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What is a chemical change?

A substance changes its chemical makeup into something new. It has gone through a chemical reaction. Examples include change in color, change in odor, formation of a precipitate, formation of gas (bubbles), and emission of energy (heat/light).

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Define an element.

A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means. Examples include gold (Au), oxygen (O2), carbon (C).

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Define a compound.

A substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. Examples include water (H2O), salt (NaCl), carbon dioxide (CO2).

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Define a homogeneous mixture.

A mixture where the components are evenly distributed throughout. Examples include saltwater, air, sugar dissolved in water.

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Define a heterogeneous mixture.

A mixture where the components are not evenly distributed throughout. Examples include sand and water, oil and water, a salad.

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Define a solution.

A homogeneous mixture where one substance (solute) dissolves uniformly within another substance (solvent). Examples include sugar dissolved in water, salt dissolved in water.

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Define a colloid.

A type of heterogeneous mixture where particles are dispersed throughout but are visible. Examples include milk, fog, paint.

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Define a suspension.

A heterogeneous mixture where particles are suspended in a liquid and will settle out over time. Examples include muddy water, sand in water.

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What are periods on the periodic table?

Rows on the periodic table that represent the number of electron shells (energy levels) in an atom.

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What are groups on the periodic table?

Columns on the periodic table represent the number of valence electrons (electrons in the outermost shell) in an atom.

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What are alkali metals?

Group 1 on the periodic table, highly reactive metals that readily lose one electron to form +1 ions.

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What are alkaline earth metals?

Group 2 on the periodic table, reactive metals that readily lose two electrons to form +2 ions.

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What are halogens?

Group 17 on the periodic table, highly reactive nonmetals that readily gain one electron to form -1 ions.

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What are noble gases?

Group 18 on the periodic table, unreactive nonmetals that have a full outer shell of electrons.

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What are metals?

Elements on the periodic table that are typically shiny, malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity.

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What are nonmetals?

Elements on the periodic table that are typically dull, brittle, and poor conductors of heat and electricity.

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What are metalloids?

Elements on the periodic table that have properties of both metals and nonmetals. They are located along the staircase line on the periodic table.

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Define cation.

A positively charged atom or group of atoms.

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Define anion.

A negatively charged atom or group of atoms.

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What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between two nonmetal atoms.

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What is an ionic bond?

A chemical bond formed by the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions.

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What is a synthesis/formation reaction?

A chemical reaction where two or more reactants combine to form a single product.

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What is a decomposition reaction?

A chemical reaction where a single reactant breaks down into two or more products.

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What is a single replacement reaction?

A chemical reaction where a more reactive element replaces a less reactive element in a compound.

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What is a double replacement reaction?

A chemical reaction where two reactants exchange ions to form two new products.

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What is a hydrocarbon combustion reaction?

A chemical reaction where a hydrocarbon reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

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Define an exothermic reaction.

A chemical reaction that releases energy into the surroundings, often in the form of heat or light.

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Define an endothermic reaction?

A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings, often feeling cold.

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What is a mole?

The quantity used to measure elements and compounds, representing 6.022 x 10^23 particles (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.)

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What is molar mass?

The mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in grams per mole (g/mol).

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What is the mole equation?

In the equation m = n x M, m represents the mass in grams, n represents the number of moles, and M represents the molar mass.

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Study Notes

Chemistry Review

  • This review covers various chemistry topics, including theory, the periodic table, compounds, and chemical reactions.

Section 1 - The Theory

  • WHMIS: A system for classifying hazardous household products using symbols.
  • SDS (Safety Data Sheets): Documents providing detailed information on chemical hazards, first aid, storage, and properties.
  • Physical Properties vs. Chemical Properties: Physical properties describe a substance's appearance (like color, melting point), while chemical properties describe its reactivity (like flammability).
  • Physical Change vs. Chemical Change: A physical change alters a substance's appearance but not its composition. A chemical change alters the substance's composition.
  • Classification of Matter: Different ways to classify matter (like mixtures, elements, compounds, solutions, etc.)
  • Early Ideas of Matter: Historical models of atoms (like the billiard ball model, raisin bun model, etc.) and their evolution.

Section 2 – Using our Periodic Table

  • Periodic Table: A table organizing elements based on atomic structure and properties.
  • Structure and Subatomic Particles: Protons, neutrons, and electrons.
  • Formation of Ions: Atoms gaining or losing electrons to become positively or negatively charged ions.
  • Labeling aspects of the Periodic Table: Groups (vertical columns), periods (horizontal rows), alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, halogens, noble gases.

Section 3 – Compounds

  • Ionic and Molecular Compounds: Formation and properties of compounds.
  • Multivalent Elements: Elements with variable charges.
  • Polyatomic Ions: Ions composed of multiple atoms. Properties of ionic and molecular compounds.
  • Solubility Table: A table showing the solubility of various compounds.
  • Acids and Bases: Properties of acidic and basic solutions, including their pH, litmus test results, and taste.

Section 4 - All About Reactions

  • Chemical Reactions: Processes where substances are transformed into new substances.
  • Writing Chemical Reactions: Representation of chemical reactions using balanced chemical equations.
  • Types of Chemical Reactions: Different categories of chemical reactions (like synthesis, decomposition, single displacement, double displacement, combustion). Energy changes during chemical reactions (exothermic and endothermic reactions). Conservation of mass and balancing chemical equations.

Section 5 - Some Math...

  • Molar Mass: Calculation of the mass of one mole of a substance using periodic table data.
  • Moles: The amount of a substance that contains the same number of particles as there are atoms in 12g of Carbon-12.
  • Mass: Calculation of the mass using molar mass and the number of moles.

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Chemistry Review 2022 PDF

Description

This quiz reviews essential chemistry concepts including the theory behind chemical classifications, physical and chemical properties, and changes. Delve into key topics such as the periodic table and the classification of matter. Test your understanding of historical models of atoms and safety protocols in chemistry.

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