Chemistry Resonance and Bonding Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary characteristic of a +M effect?

  • It involves ionic bonding.
  • It does not affect electron movement.
  • It withdraws electrons.
  • It donates electrons. (correct)

    • The formate ion has only one resonance structure.

    False

    Name one example of a compound that exhibits the -M effect.

    Nitrogen in Benzene

    The mesomeric effect is also known as the ______ effect.

    <p>resonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following ions with their respective resonance structure examples:

    <p>Formate ion = H-C(=O)-O^- ⇄ H-C(-O)=O^- Carbonate ion = O=C(-O^-)-O^- ⇄ -O-C(=O)-O^- ⇄ -O-(=O)-C(=O)-O^-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily affects the lattice energy in ionic compounds?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Covalent bonds are exclusively formed by the transfer of electrons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of covalent bonds?

    <p>Single covalent bonds and multiple covalent bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helium primarily follows the ______ rule.

    <p>duet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following theories with their descriptions:

    <p>Lewis Theory = Represents the arrangement of valence electrons Valence Bond Theory = Explains the formation of bonds through overlapping orbitals VSEPR Theory = Predicts molecular shapes based on electron pairs Molecular Orbital Theory = Describes electron distribution in molecular orbitals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do -I groups have on the acidic character of a compound?

    <p>They increase the acidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following properties is NOT characteristic of ionic compounds?

    <p>They are good conductors in solid state.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Resonating structures refer to the same thing as canonical structures.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lattice energy can be directly measured using simple thermodynamic techniques.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of resonance in determining acidity?

    <p>Resonance helps to stabilize the conjugate base formed after deprotonation, increasing acidity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the inductive effect?

    <p>Influence of electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The delocalization of π-electrons or lone pairs of electrons through conjugation is known as __________.

    <p>resonance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does S.E. stand for in the Born-Haber cycle?

    <p>Sublimation energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following compounds with their corresponding changes when acidic character is evaluated:

    <p>$F_3C-C-O-H$ = Deprotonates to form $F_3C-C=O$ $F_3C-C-C-O-H$ = Deprotonates to form $F_3C-CH-C=O$ $F_3C-C(CF_3)-C-O-H$ = Deprotonates to form $F_3C-C(CF_3)-C=O$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The energy released when one mole of a solid ionic compound is formed is called __________.

    <p>lattice energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Electronegativity increases as you move down a group in the periodic table.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their corresponding definitions:

    <p>Ionization Energy = Energy required to remove an electron from an atom Electron Affinity = Energy released when an electron is added to a neutral atom Bond Dissociation Energy = Energy required to break a bond between two atoms Sublimation Energy = Energy required for a substance to transition from solid to gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are +I and -I effects in organic chemistry?

    <p>Positive and negative inductive effects of substituent groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ effect describes how electron density is stabilized or destabilized through resonance.

    <p>mesomeric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following effects to their descriptions:

    <p>Inductive effect = Transmission of charge through sigma bonds Electronegativity = Tendency of an atom to attract electrons Mesomeric effect = Stabilization due to electron delocalization +I effect = Electron-donating effect from substituents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which carbocation has the highest stability?

    <p>H₃C-CH-CH₃⁺</p> Signup and view all the answers

    +I groups stabilize carbonium and carbanion species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trend of stability as the inductive effect increases in carbocations?

    <p>Stability increases as the +I effect increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stability of carbocations can be analyzed through the _____ effect.

    <p>+I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following carbocations with their stability ranking:

    <p>H₃C-CH₂-CH₂-CH₂⁺ = Lowest stability H₃C-CH-CH₃⁺ = Highest stability CH₃-CH-CH₂⁺ = Medium stability CH₃-CH₂-CH₃⁺ = Higher stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the octet rule?

    <p>Atoms will share, gain, or lose electrons to have eight electrons in their outer shell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Central atoms always carry a neutral charge in molecules.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to calculate the total number of valence electrons, considering the charges of the molecule?

    <p>Q = valence electrons of all atoms + (-ve charge) - (+ve charge)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of lone pair electrons can be calculated using the formula: ______ = Q - Bond pairs.

    <p>Lone pair electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the molecules with the correct description of their charge distribution:

    <p>H₂O = Has polar covalent bonds and a bent shape NO₃ = Contains resonance structures with charge delocalization H₂ = Consists of two electrons shared equally CO₂ = Linear molecule with nonpolar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bond results from the head-on overlap of atomic orbitals?

    <p>Sigma bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For a covalent bond to form, atomic orbitals must overlap and have opposite spins.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between bond strength and bond length in covalent bonds?

    <p>Bond strength is inversely proportional to bond length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The sideways overlap of two p orbitals results in the formation of a ______ bond.

    <p>pi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of overlaps with their corresponding bonds:

    <p>s-s overlap = Sigma bond s-p overlap = Sigma bond p-p overlap = Pi bond s-s overlap with no overlap = No bond</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about hybridization is correct?

    <p>Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals with nearly the same energy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The number of hybrid orbitals formed is always double the number of atomic orbitals involved in hybridization.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of hybridization in molecular chemistry?

    <p>To explain the formation of sigma bonds and the geometry of molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hybrid orbitals are named based on the participating atomic orbitals, such as __________, __________, and __________.

    <p>sp, sp^2, sp^3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of hybridization to its corresponding molecular geometry:

    <p>sp = Linear sp^2 = Trigonal planar sp^3 = Tetrahedral sp^3d = Trigonal bipyramidal</p> Signup and view all the answers

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