Chemistry Quiz: Acids, Bases, and Bonding

The amount of substance deposited or liberated at an electrode is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity passed through the electrolyte. One Faraday (F) is the quantity of electricity required to deposit one mole of a substance at the electrode.

This equation represents the reduction half-reaction occurring at the cathode during the electrolysis of a copper solution. Cu2+ ions gain two electrons to form solid copper metal.

The mass of metal deposited during electrolysis is directly proportional to the amount of electric charge passed through the solution and the molar mass of the metal. This is based on Faraday's Law.

The quantity of electricity used is directly proportional to the mass of metal deposited. This means doubling the amount of electricity will double the mass of metal deposited.

To calculate the mass of metal deposited, you can use Faraday's Law: mass = (charge x molar mass) / (n x Faraday's constant), where 'n' is the number of electrons transferred in the half-reaction.

The yield of a product at equilibrium is influenced by factors like temperature, pressure, and the presence of catalysts. Le Chatelier's Principle helps predict how these factors will affect the equilibrium position.

For an endothermic reaction, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium towards the products, favoring their formation. For an exothermic reaction, increasing the temperature shifts the equilibrium towards the reactants.

For reactions involving gases, increasing pressure favors the side with fewer moles of gas. This minimizes the pressure change caused by increasing pressure.

The strength of intermolecular forces in gases depends on the type of molecules and their ability to interact with each other. Gases with stronger intermolecular forces will have a higher boiling point and will be less likely to exhibit ideal gas behavior.

The density of a gas is directly proportional to the pressure and inversely proportional to the temperature. This means that increasing the pressure will increase the density, while increasing the temperature will decrease the density.

The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature. This means that increasing the pressure will decrease the volume, and increasing the temperature will increase the volume.

The pressure of a gas in a closed system can be calculated by subtracting the height of the mercury column in the open arm from the height of the mercury column in the closed arm.

The combined gas law combines the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature for a gas. It states that the ratio of the product of pressure and volume to temperature is constant.

When equal volumes of a strong acid and a strong base react, the total number of ions present remains approximately the same after the reaction. This is due to the formation of a salt and water, which are both ionic compounds.

Allotropes are different forms of the same element in the same physical state. They have different bonding arrangements and physical properties.

A mass spectrograph is an instrument used to determine the relative masses of atoms and molecules by separating them according to their mass-to-charge ratio.

The total mass of a closed system remains constant during a chemical reaction, meaning matter cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed.

The flow of electricity in metals is due to the movement of free valence electrons, which are loosely bound to the metal atoms and can easily move throughout the material.

Ionic substances typically have high melting points, are good conductors of electricity when molten or dissolved, and readily dissolve in polar solvents. They also exhibit similar chemical properties when they share a common ion.

A catalyst speeds up a reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, without being consumed in the process. It doesn't change the equilibrium position.

Activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required for reactants to overcome the energy barrier and initiate a chemical reaction.

A catalyst lowers the activation energy of a reaction, essentially making it easier for the reaction to occur. This results in a faster reaction rate.

A catalyst doesn't impact the enthalpy change (∆H) of a reaction. Enthalpy change is the difference in energy between reactants and products, which is not affected by the catalyst's pathway.

A catalyst doesn't affect the equilibrium constant (K) of a reaction. It only speeds up the rate at which equilibrium is reached.

Barium ions (Ba2+) are generally soluble in water, except when combined with sulfate ions (SO42-) to form insoluble barium sulfate (BaSO4).

Silver ions (Ag+) are generally insoluble in water, except when combined with nitrate ions (NO3-) or halide ions (Cl-, Br-, I-) to form soluble compounds.

Hydrogen gas (H2) is produced by reacting an active metal like sodium, calcium, or zinc with an acid or water, where the metal displaces hydrogen from the acid or water.

To confirm the presence of magnesium ions (Mg2+) in an unknown solution, a white precipitate forming after adding sodium hydroxide (NaOH) isn't enough. The precipitate must be confirmed as magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) by ensuring that other ions known to form white precipitates with NaOH are absent.

An sp hybridized central atom uses one s orbital and one p orbital to create two hybrid orbitals, resulting in linear geometry.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) has two resonance structures, indicating that the two sulfur-oxygen bonds are equal in length and have identical electronic distribution.

When H2SO4 is added to Ba(OH)2, the solution becomes less conductive initially due to the removal of ions by forming water and insoluble BaSO4. However, as more H2SO4 is added, the conductivity increases again.

The interionic attraction effect is decreased when H2SO4 is added to Ba(OH)2, leading to a decrease in the conductivity of the solution.

The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound. It's the smallest possible unit of the compound. For example, water (H2O) can't be further simplified.

The percentage by mass of each element in a compound. It tells you how much of each element is present in 100 g of the compound.

The ratio of moles of reactants and products in a balanced chemical equation. It tells you how many moles of each substance are needed for the reaction to occur completely.

The ratio of moles of two or more substances involved in a chemical reaction. It helps to convert between amounts of different substances in the reaction.

The reactant that gets used up first in a chemical reaction, thereby limiting the amount of product formed.

The mass of one mole of a substance. It tells you how many grams are in one mole of that substance.

Divide the mass of the element in one mole of the compound by the molar mass of the compound, then multiply by 100%. This gives you the percentage by mass of that element in the compound.

Given the mass of a compound and the masses of the elements present, you can determine the simplest formula by calculating the mole ratio of the elements.

Entropy is a measure of disorder. Gases have the highest entropy because their molecules are spread out and can move freely. Solids have the lowest entropy because their molecules are tightly packed. Liquids are in between.

Entropy increases with temperature. As temperature increases, molecules move faster and have more energy, making them more disordered.

Entropy increases with volume. As volume increases, molecules have more space to move around, making them more disordered.

Reactions that produce more moles of gas or more disordered products have a positive entropy change (ΔS). Reactions that produce fewer moles of gas or more ordered products have a negative entropy change.

Entropy increases when sugar dissolves in water because the sugar molecules become more dispersed and disordered.

Entropy increases when a gas expands because its molecules have more space to move around.

Entropy increases when a liquid evaporates because the liquid molecules become more dispersed and disordered.

Entropy decreases when water freezes because the water molecules become more ordered in a solid state.