Chemistry Prior Units Review
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of dimensional analysis in chemistry?

  • To determine the type of chemical reaction
  • To write the chemical formula for a compound
  • To convert between different units of measurement (correct)
  • To determine the molecular polarity of a molecule

    • What is the law of conservation of mass?

  • The principle that mass is only destroyed during a chemical reaction
  • The principle that mass is only created during a chemical reaction
  • The principle that mass is created during a chemical reaction
  • The principle that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction (correct)

    • What is the purpose of balancing a chemical equation?

  • To ensure that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation (correct)
  • To determine the molecular polarity of a molecule
  • To ensure that the number of atoms of each element is different on both sides of the equation
  • To determine the type of chemical reaction

    • What is the definition of a product in a chemical reaction?

    <p>A substance that is produced during a chemical reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of converting grams to moles?

    <p>To change a mass measurement into an amount of substance (moles)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of an isotope symbol?

    <p>A notation that specifies the element, atomic number, and mass number of an isotope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of determining the type of chemical reaction?

    <p>To identify whether a reaction is combination, decomposition, single-replacement, double-replacement, or combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of molecular polarity?

    <p>A measure of how evenly electric charge is distributed across a molecule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy, water, and CO₂ into glucose and oxygen?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between an acid and a base?

    <p>Water and a salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the classification of solutions based on the amount of solute dissolved relative to its solubility?

    <p>Saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of cyanobacteria in Earth's early history?

    <p>Transforming Earth's atmosphere through oxygen production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which nitrogen is made available for organisms?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation and nitrification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of increased fossil fuel use on the carbon cycle?

    <p>Enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula used to calculate pH based on hydrogen ion concentration?

    <p>pH = -log[H⁺]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of a substance to dissolve in a particular solvent?

    <p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a renewable energy source and a non-renewable energy source?

    <p>Ability to be replenished naturally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the ozone layer?

    <p>Protecting life on Earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main effect of increased carbon emissions on Earth's atmosphere?

    <p>Global warming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the long-term storage of solar energy?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the atmosphere is responsible for protecting Earth from solar radiation?

    <p>Stratosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which Earth's surface reflects solar energy?

    <p>Albedo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of human-induced climate change?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which nuclear reactions release energy?

    <p>Nuclear binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Keeling Curve?

    <p>A graph of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between active and passive solar heating?

    <p>Use of mechanical systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the Earth's surface reflects more solar energy, leading to a cooling effect?

    <p>Albedo effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the success of geothermal energy production?

    <p>Access to heat sources near Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is energy from the Sun stored for the longest period of time?

    <p>Fossil fuels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adds greenhouse gases to the atmosphere?

    <p>Human activities like burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which cyanobacteria contributed to oxygen production?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the characteristics of an air mass?

    <p>Its source region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ozone layer?

    <p>To protect life on Earth from harmful UV radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes the seasons in each hemisphere?

    <p>Earth's axial tilt and its orbit around the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three main components of the atmosphere?

    <p>Nitrogen, oxygen, and argon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has Earth's atmosphere changed over time?

    <p>It has evolved from a reducing atmosphere to an oxygen-rich one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary heat source of the troposphere?

    <p>Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of the thermosphere?

    <p>It plays a crucial role in absorbing high-energy X-rays and UV radiation from the Sun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit for molar mass?

    <p>grams/mole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the value of Avogadro's number?

    <p>6.02 x 10^23</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy?

    <p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concentration of a solution expressed in moles per liter?

    <p>Molarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction between an acid and a base?

    <p>Water and salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved?

    <p>Saturated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of a substance to dissolve in a particular solvent?

    <p>Solubility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which nitrogen is made available for organisms?

    <p>Nitrogen fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increased CO2 levels on the pH of ocean water?

    <p>Decrease in pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the Earth's surface reflects solar energy?

    <p>Albedo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main requirement for a chemical reaction to be balanced?

    <p>The number of atoms of each element must be equal before and after the reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reaction where two substances combine to form one substance?

    <p>Synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of separating each substance with a '+' in a chemical equation?

    <p>To separate the substances on each side of the equation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the symbol used to indicate a solid state of matter in a chemical equation?

    <p>(s)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reaction where a single substance breaks down into two or more substances?

    <p>Decomposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the polarity of a molecule?

    <p>Molecular polarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of reaction where one element replaces another element in a compound?

    <p>Single Replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of translating a word equation into a chemical equation?

    <p>To determine the reactants and products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the lifetime of a star?

    <p>Mass of the star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of planet is characterized by being rocky, small, and close to the Sun?

    <p>Terrestrial planet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between the rotation periods of gas giants and terrestrial planets?

    <p>Gas giants rotate faster than terrestrial planets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which light elements are formed?

    <p>Big Bang nucleosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a neutron star?

    <p>Extremely dense, small radius, and rapid rotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why radioactive decay is reliable for determining the age of an object?

    <p>It occurs at a predictable and constant rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the HR diagram?

    <p>It relates luminosity to temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between spiral galaxies and other types of galaxies?

    <p>Spiral galaxies have a flat, rotating disk with spiral arms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the fate of a star?

    <p>Mass of the star</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary force that balances gravity in a star?

    <p>Nuclear fusion pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of galaxy is the Milky Way?

    <p>Barred Spiral Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process that occurs when a massive star collapses under its own gravity?

    <p>Formation of a black hole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated age of the universe?

    <p>13.8 billion years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the law that states the recessional velocity of a galaxy is directly proportional to its distance from us?

    <p>Hubble's Law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of galaxy lacks significant structure like spiral arms and is generally composed of older stars?

    <p>Elliptical Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of galaxy appears as a disk with a central bulge, bridging the characteristics of spiral and elliptical galaxies?

    <p>Lenticular Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the boundary beyond which nothing, not even light, can escape the gravitational pull of a black hole?

    <p>Event Horizon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of galaxy lacks a distinct shape and often has chaotic appearances, frequently being sites of active star formation?

    <p>Irregular Galaxies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?

    <p>Renewable energy sources can be replenished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary impact of increased greenhouse gas emissions on the energy balance in the atmosphere?

    <p>It increases the amount of heat trapped in the atmosphere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of nuclear energy?

    <p>It releases energy from the binding energy differences in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the Earth's surface reflects more solar energy, leading to a cooling effect?

    <p>Albedo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary driver of human-induced climate change?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which nuclear reactions release energy?

    <p>Nuclear energy production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between active and passive solar heating?

    <p>Active solar heating uses mechanical systems, while passive solar heating relies on design features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary factor that determines the success of geothermal energy production?

    <p>Access to heat sources near Earth's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which the Earth's atmosphere traps more heat, leading to global warming?

    <p>Greenhouse effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between fossil fuels and renewable energy sources?

    <p>Fossil fuels are non-renewable, while renewable energy sources can be replenished</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chemistry Fundamentals

    • Isotope symbols: Notation that specifies the element, atomic number, and mass number of an isotope
    • Dimensional analysis: A mathematical technique used to convert units by multiplying by conversion factors
    • Metric conversions: Changing measurements from one metric unit to another
    • Bond polarity: The distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond
    • Molecular polarity: A measure of how evenly electric charge is distributed across a molecule
    • Subatomic particles: Particles that are smaller than an atom, including protons, neutrons, and electrons

    Chemical Reactions

    • Products and reactants: Substances that are produced (products) and consumed (reactants) in a chemical reaction
    • Balancing chemical equations: Adjusting the coefficients in a chemical equation to ensure the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides
    • Law of conservation of mass: Principle stating mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction
    • Converting grams to moles: Using the molar mass of a substance to change a mass measurement into an amount of substance (moles)
    • Conversions needed to solve mole/mass conversions: Using molar mass and Avogadro's number to switch between grams, moles, and molecules

    Properties of Water and Solutions

    • Naming acids given the chemical formula and vice versa
    • Solubility of substances in different solvents
    • Calculating molarity given moles (or mass), volume, and a chemical formula or name
    • Products of a reaction between an acid and a base (neutralization): Typically produces water and a salt
    • Characteristics of alkaline bases: Bases that produce hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in solution and have a pH greater than 7
    • Saturated, unsaturated, and supersaturated solutions: Solution classifications based on the amount of solute dissolved relative to its solubility

    Biogeochemical Cycles

    • Impact of changes in the carbon cycle with increased fossil fuel use: Effects like enhanced greenhouse effect and global warming due to higher CO₂ levels
    • Parts of the water cycle: Processes including evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and collection
    • Nitrogen utilization in the biosphere: Conversion processes like nitrogen fixation and nitrification that make nitrogen available for organisms
    • Long-term storage of solar energy: Stored in fossil fuels, biomass, and through photosynthesis in plants

    The Atmosphere

    • Role of cyanobacteria in Earth's early history: Contributed to oxygen production through photosynthesis, transforming Earth’s atmosphere
    • Volcanic processes and gas venting: Emission of gases such as CO₂, SO₂, and water vapor during volcanic eruptions
    • Properties of air masses based on origins: Characteristics like temperature and humidity determined by the air mass's source region
    • Importance of the ozone layer: Protects life on Earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation

    Climate Change and Human Activity

    • Impact of increased carbon emissions on Earth: Leads to global warming, climate change, sea-level rise, and more extreme weather events
    • Analyzing predicted future global temperatures from graphs: Understanding trends and projections from climate models
    • Distinguishing between renewable and non-renewable energy sources: Renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro) can be replenished; non-renewable (fossil fuels) cannot

    The Solar System

    • Solving nuclear equations and identifying missing isotopes: Balancing nuclear reactions by finding missing particles
    • Identifying fission vs. fusion: Fission splits heavy nuclei; fusion combines light nuclei
    • Radioactive vs. stable atoms: Radioactive atoms decay over time, stable atoms do not

    Prior Units

    • Naming and formula writing of chemical compounds
    • Isotope symbols and their uses
    • Dimensional analysis and metric conversions
    • Bond polarity and molecular polarity
    • Subatomic particles and their properties

    Chemical Reactions

    • Identify reactants and products in a chemical reaction
    • Understand the requirements of the 5 types of chemical reactions:
      • Synthesis: 2 → 1
      • Decomposition: 1 → 2
      • Single Replacement: 1 + 2 → 2 + 1
      • Double Replacement: 2 + 2 → 2 + 2
      • Combustion: CH + O → CO + H₂O + fire
    • Know how to convert a word equation into a chemical equation
    • Understand the law of conservation of mass and why equations are balanced

    Stoichiometry

    • Convert grams to moles using molar mass
    • Determine the total number of atoms given a chemical formula
    • Convert between atoms, molecules, and moles using Avogadro's number (6.02 x 10²³)
    • Convert between mass and molecules using molar mass and Avogadro's number

    Environmental Issues

    • Understand the problems caused by CFCs in the ozone layer
    • Know the impact of ocean acidification on pH levels
    • Understand the process of photosynthesis

    Acids and Bases

    • Know how to name acids given their chemical formula and vice versa
    • Understand what makes some substances soluble and others not in different solvents
    • Calculate molarity given moles, mass, and volume of a solution
    • Understand the products of a reaction between an acid and a base (neutralization)

    Biogeochemical Cycles

    • Understand the impact of changes in the carbon cycle with increased fossil fuel use
    • Know the different parts of the water cycle
    • Understand how nitrogen is made available to organisms
    • Know where energy from the Sun is stored for the longest period of time

    The Atmosphere

    • Understand the importance of the ozone layer
    • Know the process of volcanic eruptions and their effects on the atmosphere
    • Determine the properties of an air mass based on its origins
    • Understand how Earth's atmosphere has changed over time

    Climate Change and Human Activity

    • Understand the impact of increased carbon emissions on the environment
    • Know the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
    • Understand the importance of alternative energy sources
    • Know the effects of climate change on the environment and human societies

    The Solar System

    • Solve nuclear equations by finding the missing isotope symbol
    • Determine if a process is fission or fusion
    • Know what makes atoms radioactive or stable
    • Understand the source of nuclear energy in a nuclear change
    • Know the life cycle of the Sun

    Stars and Galaxies

    • Understand the life cycle of a star
    • Know the properties of a neutron star
    • Understand the differences between terrestrial and jovian planets
    • Know the origin of different types of elements
    • Understand the Hubble classification of galaxies

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    Review key concepts in chemistry, including naming and formula writing, isotope symbols, dimensional analysis, metric conversions, and bond polarity.

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