Questions and Answers
What is the SI base unit for mass?
Which of the following best describes uncertainty in measurements?
When converting a number to scientific notation, what is required?
What distinguishes weight from mass?
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In scientific notation, what operation is performed when multiplying numbers?
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Which of the following best describes the characteristics of solids?
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What does precision refer to in the context of measurements?
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What is the role of scientific models in chemistry?
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What is the primary purpose of chemical hazard symbols and labels?
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Which of the following is NOT a component of the Globally Harmonized System (GHS)?
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Which method is recommended to minimize exposure to chemicals in a laboratory?
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When labeling chemical containers, which piece of information is NOT necessary?
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What is the safest practice for disposing of chemicals in a laboratory?
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What is the primary characteristic of liquids as compared to gases?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes isotopes?
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What defines a metal in terms of its physical properties?
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Which type of element is likely to be diatomic in its molecular structure?
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What best describes an ion?
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What is the main goal of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)?
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Which of the following is true regarding standard operating procedures (SOPs)?
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What characterizes artificial elements like those created in labs?
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Study Notes
Chemistry Overview
- Chemistry studies the structure and behavior of matter.
- The scientific method is fundamental for understanding and applying chemistry principles.
Measurement Fundamentals
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SI Base Units:
- Length: Meter (m)
- Mass: Kilogram (kg)
- Time: Second (s)
- Temperature: Kelvin (K)
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Derived Units:
- 1 Liter (L) equals ( 10^{3} ) cubic meters (m³).
Metric and Scientific Notation
- Metric prefixes denote scale: giga (G), mega (M), kilo (k), centi (c), milli (m), micro (µ), nano (n), pico (p).
- Scientific notation allows expressing large/small numbers with a coefficient and exponent (e.g., ( 5.5 \times 10^{21} )).
- Assumed uncertainty in measurements is ±1 in the last reported digit.
Operations with Numbers
- To convert to scientific notation, adjust the decimal for a single non-zero digit left of the decimal point, with exponent reflecting position moved.
- When moving from scientific notation to decimal, shift the decimal according to the exponent (right for positive, left for negative).
- Benefits include clear representation of large values and uncertainty in measurements.
Mass and Weight
- Mass is a constant measure of matter regardless of location.
- Weight varies depending on gravitational attraction.
Precision and Accuracy
- Precision refers to the consistency of measurements.
- Accuracy indicates closeness to the true value.
States of Matter
- Solids: Fixed shape and volume, particles have strong attractions.
- Liquids: Constant volume, variable shape; particles move but maintain attractions.
- Gases: Neither fixed shape nor volume, particles are distanced with low attractions.
Chemical Elements and Atoms
- There are 118 known elements, with 83 being stable in nature.
- Elements categorized as metals, nonmetals, and metalloids based on unique properties.
- Atoms are about (10^{-10}) meters in diameter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
- Ions are charged particles formed by losing (cations) or gaining (anions) electrons.
- Isotopes differ in neutron count; examples include hydrogen isotopes Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium.
Periodic Table and Chemical Properties
- Periodic table organizes elements into groups and periods, showcasing relationships.
- Metallic elements exhibit luster, conductivity, malleability, and are good heat/electricity conductors.
- Nonmetals can exist as single atoms or diatomic/molecular structures.
Chemical Changes
- Electrons play a critical role in chemical reactions—gained, lost, or shared.
- Artificial elements, such as those created through atom bombardment, hold significance for theories of matter and potential medical applications.
Good Laboratory Practices (GLP)
- GLP encompasses guidelines for safe laboratory procedures.
- Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) ensure safety in handling hazardous materials.
- Safety features in laboratories include safety showers, eyewashes, and proper chemical storage.
Chemical Hazards and Safety
- Identify physical hazards (explosive/flammable) and health hazards (toxic/carcinogenic) to adopt appropriate safety measures.
- The Globally Harmonized System (GHS) standardizes chemical labeling for consistent hazard communication.
- Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) detail chemical hazards and emergency procedures, available in hard copy or electronically.
Proper Chemical Handling and Disposal
- Use ventilation hoods and personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize chemical exposure.
- Properly label chemical containers with necessary information to prevent mix-ups.
- Dispose of chemicals according to environmental regulations, sorting by reactivity and composition.
- Routes of chemical entry into the body include inhalation, skin contact, ingestion, and injection; each requires specific safety precautions.
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of chemistry, including the structure and behavior of matter, as well as the fundamental principles of measurement in science. Topics include SI base and derived units, as well as the use of metric and scientific notation.
