Chemistry Overview and Branches

Chemistry

• Definition

  • Chemistry is the branch of science that studies the composition, structure, properties, and changes of matter.

• Branches of Chemistry

  • Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds and their reactions.
  • Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds, primarily those that do not contain carbon.
  • Physical Chemistry: Focuses on the physical properties and behavior of molecules.
  • Analytical Chemistry: Concerned with the qualitative and quantitative analysis of substances.
  • Biochemistry: Study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms.

• Key Concepts

  • Atoms and Molecules:
    • Atoms are the basic units of matter; molecules are formed when two or more atoms bond together.
  • Chemical Reactions: Processes that involve the transformation of reactants into products, often involving the breaking and forming of bonds.
  • Stoichiometry: The calculation of reactants and products in chemical reactions based on the conservation of mass.
  • Periodic Table: A tabular arrangement of chemical elements, organized by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.

• States of Matter

  • Solid: Fixed shape and volume; particles are closely packed.
  • Liquid: Fixed volume but takes the shape of the container; particles are closely packed but can move past each other.
  • Gas: Neither fixed shape nor volume; particles are far apart and move freely.

• Chemical Bonds

  • Ionic Bonds: Formed through the transfer of electrons between atoms, resulting in charged ions.
  • Covalent Bonds: Formed when two atoms share electrons.
  • Metallic Bonds: Formed by the attraction between metal ions and delocalized electrons.

• Acids and Bases

  • Acids: Substances that donate protons (H+) in a reaction; characterized by a sour taste and ability to turn litmus red.
  • Bases: Substances that accept protons or donate hydroxide ions (OH-); characterized by a bitter taste and ability to turn litmus blue.

• Thermodynamics

  • The study of energy changes during chemical reactions, including concepts like enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy.

• Reaction Types

  • Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form a new compound.
  • Decomposition: A single compound breaks down into two or more products.
  • Single Replacement: An element displaces another in a compound.
  • Double Replacement: Ions exchange between two compounds.
  • Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen, producing energy, carbon dioxide, and water.

• Lab Techniques

  • Titration: A method to determine the concentration of a solution by reacting it with a standard solution.
  • Chromatography: Technique used to separate components of a mixture based on their different affinities.

• Safety Practices

  • Use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, goggles, and lab coats.
  • Understand Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for chemicals used.
  • Always work in a well-ventilated area and be aware of emergency procedures.

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The Study of Matter)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓂭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The Study of Matter) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Science of Composition, Structure, Properties, and Changes)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The Study of Matter) 𓆑𓏠𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Multiple Branches)

  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Organic Chemistry) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The study of Compounds Containing Carbon)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Inorganic Chemistry) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The study of Compounds Not Containing Carbon)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Physical Chemistry) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The study of the Physical Properties and Behavior of Molecules)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Analytical Chemistry) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The study of the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Substances)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Biochemistry) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The study of Chemical Processes Within and Related to Living Organisms)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Key Concepts)

  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Atoms) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Basic Units of Matter)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Molecules) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 ( Formed When Two or More Atoms Bond Together)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Chemical Reactions) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Processes Involving the Transformation of Reactants into Products)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Stoichiometry) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Calculation of Reactants and Products Based on the Conservation of Mass)
  • 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Periodic Table) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (A Tabular Arrangement of Chemical Elements, Organized by Atomic Number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties)

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (States of Matter)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Solid) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Fixed Shape and Volume)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Liquid) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Fixed Volume but Takes the Shape of the Container)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Gas) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Neither Fixed Shape nor Volume)

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Chemical Bonds)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Ionic Bonds) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Formed Through the Transfer of Electrons Between Atoms)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Covalent Bonds) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Formed When Two Atoms Share Electrons)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Metallic Bonds) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Formed by the Attraction Between Metal Ions and Delocalized Electrons)

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Acids and Bases)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Acids) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Substances That Donate Protons in a Reaction)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Bases) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Substances That Accept Protons)

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Thermodynamics)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Thermodynamics) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (The study of Energy Changes During Chemical Reactions)

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Reaction Types)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Synthesis) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Two or More Substances Combine to Form a New Compound)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Decomposition) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (A Single Compound Breaks Down into Two or More Products)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Single Replacement) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (An Element Displaces Another in a Compound)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Double Replacement) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Ions Exchange Between Two Compounds)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Combustion) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (A Substance Reacts with Oxygen)

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Lab Techniques)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Titration) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Method to Determine the Concentration of a Solution)
• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Chromatography) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Technique Used to Separate Components of a Mixture)

𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Safety Practices)

• 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓉔𓏭𓏭𓏭𓀀𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Personal Protective Equipment) 𓆑𓏠𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏤𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 𓏭𓏤𓏭𓏭𓏭𓏤 (Gloves, Goggles, and Lab Coats)

هذا الاختبار يستعرض تعاريف الكيمياء وأفرعها المختلفة. تناقش المعلومات حول الكيمياء العضوية وغير العضوية، الكيمياء الفيزيائية، الكيمياء التحليلية، والكيمياء الحيوية. كما يتناول الاختبار مفاهيم رئيسية مثل الذرات والجزيئات والتفاعلات الكيميائية.