Branches of Chemistry

Study Notes

Inorganic Chemistry: Studies the properties and reactions of inorganic compounds, which are typically derived from mineral sources.
Organic Chemistry: Focuses on the properties and reactions of organic compounds, which are typically derived from living organisms.
Physical Chemistry: Examines the physical principles underlying chemical reactions and processes.
Analytical Chemistry: Deals with the analysis and identification of the chemical composition of substances.
Biochemistry: Explores the chemical processes that occur within living organisms.

Atoms: The smallest units of matter that retain the properties of an element.
Protons: Positively charged particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons: Neutral particles found in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons: Negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom.
Valence Electrons: Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, involved in chemical bonding.

Ionic Bonding: The transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions with opposite charges.
Covalent Bonding: The sharing of electrons between atoms to form a molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding: A type of weak bond between atoms with a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
Polar Covalent Bonding: A type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in a partial positive and negative charge.

Chemical Equation: A representation of a chemical reaction using chemical formulas and symbols.
Reactants: The substances that undergo a chemical change in a reaction.
Products: The substances formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Catalysts: Substances that speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Activation Energy: The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

Inorganic chemistry studies properties and reactions of inorganic compounds, derived from mineral sources.
Organic chemistry focuses on properties and reactions of organic compounds, derived from living organisms.
Physical chemistry examines underlying physical principles of chemical reactions and processes.
Analytical chemistry deals with analysis and identification of chemical composition of substances.
Biochemistry explores chemical processes within living organisms.

Atoms are smallest units of matter retaining properties of an element.
Protons are positively charged particles in the nucleus of an atom.
Neutrons are neutral particles in the nucleus of an atom.
Electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus of an atom.
Valence electrons are electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom, involved in chemical bonding.

Ionic bonding involves transfer of electrons between atoms to form ions with opposite charges.
Covalent bonding involves sharing of electrons between atoms to form a molecule.
Hydrogen bonding is a weak bond between atoms with a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom.
Polar covalent bonding is a type of covalent bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial positive and negative charge.

Chemical equations represent chemical reactions using chemical formulas and symbols.
Reactants undergo chemical change in a reaction.
Products are formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
Catalysts speed up a chemical reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

A mole is a unit of measurement representing 6.022 x 10^23 particles.
Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance.
Empirical formula represents the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a compound.
Molecular formula represents the actual number of atoms in a molecule of a compound.