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What structure represents an aldehyde?
What structure represents an aldehyde?
A ketone has a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group.
A ketone has a hydrogen atom attached to the carbonyl group.
False
What is the characteristic of a polar molecule?
What is the characteristic of a polar molecule?
Unequal distribution of charge
A carboxyl group is a carbonyl group combined with a __________ group.
A carboxyl group is a carbonyl group combined with a __________ group.
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Match the functional groups with their characteristics:
Match the functional groups with their characteristics:
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Which functional group makes a compound hydrophilic and polar?
Which functional group makes a compound hydrophilic and polar?
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Hydroxyl groups are non-polar and repel water.
Hydroxyl groups are non-polar and repel water.
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What type of acids do compounds with carboxyl groups form?
What type of acids do compounds with carboxyl groups form?
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Which of the following elements is NOT typically found in organic compounds?
Which of the following elements is NOT typically found in organic compounds?
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Macromolecules are essential for the organization of living systems.
Macromolecules are essential for the organization of living systems.
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What is the smallest form of an element that still displays its properties?
What is the smallest form of an element that still displays its properties?
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Sodium can exist as an atom or as a __________.
Sodium can exist as an atom or as a __________.
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Match the following macromolecules with their primary functions:
Match the following macromolecules with their primary functions:
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Which of the following reactions is vital in the formation of bonds between monomer units?
Which of the following reactions is vital in the formation of bonds between monomer units?
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Water has no significant role in the organization and survival of living organisms.
Water has no significant role in the organization and survival of living organisms.
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What are the essential elements that organic compounds typically contain?
What are the essential elements that organic compounds typically contain?
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What is the structure of DNA commonly known as?
What is the structure of DNA commonly known as?
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Adenine pairs with cytosine in DNA structure.
Adenine pairs with cytosine in DNA structure.
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What sugar is found in the backbone of DNA?
What sugar is found in the backbone of DNA?
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The two strands of DNA run in ______ directions, known as antiparallel.
The two strands of DNA run in ______ directions, known as antiparallel.
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Match the following DNA components with their descriptions:
Match the following DNA components with their descriptions:
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What type of fat is generally considered better for health and is primarily found in plants?
What type of fat is generally considered better for health and is primarily found in plants?
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Phospholipids consist of glycerol, three fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
Phospholipids consist of glycerol, three fatty acids, and a phosphate group.
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What are the two main types of enzyme inhibition?
What are the two main types of enzyme inhibition?
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A reaction that breaks down compounds by adding water is called a ______ reaction.
A reaction that breaks down compounds by adding water is called a ______ reaction.
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Match the following carbohydrate types with their examples:
Match the following carbohydrate types with their examples:
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What is chitin primarily associated with?
What is chitin primarily associated with?
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Proteins are solely used for providing structural support in the body.
Proteins are solely used for providing structural support in the body.
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What are the four components surrounding the carbon center in an amino acid?
What are the four components surrounding the carbon center in an amino acid?
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What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
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An amino acid's unique characteristics are determined by its __________ group.
An amino acid's unique characteristics are determined by its __________ group.
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All proteins have a quaternary structure.
All proteins have a quaternary structure.
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Match each term with its correct description:
Match each term with its correct description:
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Name the two scientists who determined the structure of DNA.
Name the two scientists who determined the structure of DNA.
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What is the primary function of proteins?
What is the primary function of proteins?
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The nitrogenous bases of DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ______.
The nitrogenous bases of DNA are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and ______.
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Students must memorize the structures of all 20 amino acids for the AP exam.
Students must memorize the structures of all 20 amino acids for the AP exam.
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What are the three classifications of amino acids based on their R groups?
What are the three classifications of amino acids based on their R groups?
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Which type of bond contributes to the secondary structure of a protein?
Which type of bond contributes to the secondary structure of a protein?
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A protein that contains only primary, secondary, and tertiary structures is known as a ______ protein.
A protein that contains only primary, secondary, and tertiary structures is known as a ______ protein.
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Match the type of nitrogenous base with its structure:
Match the type of nitrogenous base with its structure:
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Fibrous proteins contain only primary and secondary structures.
Fibrous proteins contain only primary and secondary structures.
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Study Notes
Chemistry of Life
- This chapter introduces chemical principles relevant to AP Biology.
- Organic compounds contain essential elements like carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
- Macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids) are vital for living systems.
- Water plays a critical role in the organization and survival of life.
- Hydrolysis and dehydration reactions are crucial for forming and breaking bonds between monomer units.
Elements, Compounds, Atoms, and Ions
- Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
- An element is matter in its simplest form.
- An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
- An ion is an atom with a positive or negative charge.
Functional Groups
- Amino group: R-NH2; acts as a base.
- Carbonyl group: R-C=O;
- Ketone if the C=O is in the middle of a chain.
- Aldehyde if the C=O is at the end of a chain.
- Carboxyl group: R-COOH; acts as an acid.
- Hydroxyl group: R-OH; polar and hydrophilic.
- Phosphate group: important in energy sources (ATP, ADP, GTP).
- Sulfhydryl group: R-SH; assists in protein structure stabilization.
Water
- Water is an inorganic compound (one oxygen bonded to two hydrogens).
- Water is polar due to unequal electron sharing.
- Hydrogen bonding is the attraction between a hydrogen atom and another electronegative atom.
- Cohesion is the attraction between water molecules.
- Adhesion is the attraction between water and other substances.
- Water has high surface tension.
- Water is a universal solvent.
- Water absorbs heat during evaporation (evaporative cooling).
Macromolecules
- Macromolecules are formed from monomers (single units).
- Covalent bonds join monomers to form polymers.
- Dehydration synthesis forms bonds by removing water.
- Hydrolysis breaks bonds by adding water.
Lipids
- Lipids are organic compounds used for energy storage and structure.
- Lipids are hydrophobic (insoluble in water).
- Fats (glycerol + 3 fatty acids) are a major energy storage form in cells.
- Saturated fats are generally solid at room temperature.
- Unsaturated fats are generally liquid at room temperature.
- Steroids have a four-ring structure. Cholesterol and sex hormones are examples.
- Phospholipids have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
Carbohydrates
- Carbohydrates are used for energy and structural components in cells.
- Monosaccharides are simple sugars (e.g., glucose).
- Disaccharides are two monosaccharides bonded together.
- Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates.
- Starch is the storage form in plants.
- Glycogen is the storage form in animals.
- Cellulose is a structural component in plant cell walls.
- Chitin is a structural component in fungal cell walls and exoskeletons.
Proteins
- Proteins are composed of amino acids.
- Amino acids have an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group.
- Primary structure: the linear sequence of amino acids.
- Secondary structure: local folding patterns (alpha-helix, beta-sheet).
- Tertiary structure: overall 3D shape of a polypeptide chain.
- Quaternary structure: the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains.
Nucleic Acids
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double helix.
- DNA contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine.
- DNA has a 5' and 3' end.
- RNA (ribonucleic acid) has a single-stranded structure.
- RNA contains the nitrogenous bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil.
- mRNA, tRNA, rRNA are important types of RNA.
pH
- pH is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration.
- pH scale ranges from 0 to 14.
- A neutral solution has a pH of 7.
- Solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic.
- Solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic.
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Description
Explore the essential chemical principles that form the foundation of life in this AP Biology chapter. From organic compounds and macromolecules to the significance of water and functional groups, this quiz covers key topics that are crucial for understanding biological processes. Test your knowledge on how matter, elements, atoms, and ions contribute to the chemistry of life.
