AP Biology Chapter 12 - The Cell Cycle
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What are the three key roles of cell division? State each role and give an example.

  1. Reproduction - binary fission of bacterium into two individual organisms. 2. Growth and Development - sand dollar embryo cell division and development. 3. Tissue Renewal - dividing bone marrow to create new RBCs.

What is meant by the cell cycle?

The cell cycle describes the life of a cell from the time it is first formed to its own division into two daughter cells.

What is the meaning of genome?

A cell's endowment of DNA.

How many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell?

<p>46 chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of somatic cells in your body.

<p>Skin cells and liver cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a gamete?

<p>Reproductive cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name two types of gametes.

<p>Human spermatozoa and ovum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many chromosomes are present in a human gamete?

<ol start="23"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Define chromatin.

<p>Chromatin is the entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many DNA molecules are in each of your somatic cells?

<ol start="46"> <li></li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

Define chromosome.

<p>A package of DNA molecules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define chromatid.

<p>A copy of the original chromosome, joined with a sister chromatid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define centromere.

<p>The region containing specific DNA sequences where a chromatid is attached to its sister.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs in meiosis? How is the chromosome number of daughter cells different?

<p>Meiosis yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only 1 set of chromosomes, half as many as the parent cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is mitosis? How is it different from cytokinesis?

<p>Mitosis is the division of genetic information in the nucleus in the process of cell division, while cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm in the process of cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give a brief explanation of what happens in each phase of the cell cycle.

<p>G₁ - first gap, the cell grows; S - synthesis, the cell continues to grow and copies its chromosomes; G₂ - second gap, cell continues growing and completes preparation for cell division; M - mitosis and cytokinesis of the cell occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are growth factors? How does platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) stimulate fibroblast division?

<p>Growth factors are proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide. PDGFs bind to fibroblast receptor tyrosine kinases that allows cells to pass G₁ checkpoint and divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is transformation? What is metastasis?

<p>Transformation is the process that converts a normal cell to a cancer cell; metastasis is the spread of cancer cells distant from their original site.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor.

<p>A benign tumor has too few genetic and cellular changes to survive at another site. A malignant tumor includes cells that can spread to new areas and impair organ function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cell Division

The process by which a single cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It's essential for growth, development, and repair in living organisms.

Binary Fission

Reproduction through cell division, where one parent cell divides into two identical daughter cells, common in single-celled organisms like bacteria.

Growth and Development (through cell division)

The process by which a multicellular organism grows and develops, involving coordinated cell division and differentiation to form specific tissues and organs.

Tissue Renewal

Cell division occurring in tissues to replace worn-out or damaged cells, ensuring the continuous renewal of body structures and functions.

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Genome

The complete set of DNA within a cell, encompassing all the genetic information necessary for an organism's development and functioning.

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Chromosome Count

The total number of chromosomes in a cell, representing the organized structure of DNA.

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Somatic Cells

Normal body cells that undergo mitosis for growth and repair, containing two sets of chromosomes (diploid). Examples include skin, liver, and muscle cells.

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Gametes

Sex cells (sperm and egg) that are haploid, containing only one set of chromosomes, essential for sexual reproduction.

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Chromatin

A complex of DNA and proteins that form the building blocks of chromosomes, responsible for organizing and packaging DNA in the nucleus.

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Chromosomes

Condensed structures of DNA, visible during cell division, containing two sister chromatids attached at the centromere.

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Mitosis

The division of the genetic material (DNA) within the cell nucleus, ensuring that each daughter cell receives a complete copy of the genome.

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Cytokinesis

The division of the cytoplasm following mitosis, resulting in two separate daughter cells with their own cytoplasm and organelles.

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Meiosis

A specialized type of cell division that produces four non-identical daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, essential for sexual reproduction.

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G1 Phase

The initial growth phase of the cell cycle, where cells increase in size and synthesize proteins and organelles needed for DNA replication.

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S Phase

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs, resulting in the duplication of each chromosome, ensuring each daughter cell receives a complete set of DNA.

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G2 Phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, following DNA replication, where the cell grows further and prepares for the upcoming division.

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M Phase

The phase of the cell cycle where mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) take place, resulting in two distinct daughter cells.

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Mitotic Spindle

A structure composed of microtubules and proteins that forms during mitosis and meiosis, playing a crucial role in separating chromosomes during cell division.

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G1 Checkpoint

A checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures DNA integrity before DNA synthesis, preventing cells with damaged DNA from replicating.

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G2 Checkpoint

A checkpoint in the cell cycle that ensures the cell has successfully replicated its DNA and is ready for mitosis.

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Study Notes

Key Roles of Cell Division

  • Reproduction: Example includes binary fission of bacteria producing two independent organisms.
  • Growth and Development: Example is the cell division and development of a sand dollar embryo.
  • Tissue Renewal: Example involves division of bone marrow cells to produce new red blood cells (RBCs).

The Cell Cycle

  • Represents the lifecycle of a cell from formation to division into daughter cells.

Genome

  • Defined as the complete set of DNA within a cell.

Chromosome Count

  • Human somatic cells contain 46 chromosomes.
  • Human gametes are haploid, containing 23 chromosomes.

Types of Cells

  • Somatic cells examples: skin cells and liver cells.
  • Types of gametes: human spermatozoa and ovum.

Chromatin and Chromosomes

  • Chromatin: Complex of DNA and proteins forming chromosomes.
  • Each somatic cell contains 46 DNA molecules.
  • Chromosomes are packages of DNA; chromatids are copies joined at the centromere.

Mitosis vs. Cytokinesis

  • Mitosis refers to the division of genetic material in the nucleus.
  • Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm following mitosis.

Meiosis

  • Produces non-identical daughter cells with half the chromosome number of the parent cell.

Cell Cycle Phases

  • G1 Phase: Initial growth phase of the cell.
  • S Phase: DNA synthesis occurs; chromosomes are duplicated.
  • G2 Phase: Further growth and preparation for division.
  • M Phase: Mitosis and cytokinesis occur.

Mitotic Spindle

  • Comprised of microtubules and proteins; originates from disassembled cytoskeletal microtubules.
  • The centrosome, also known as the microtubule organizing center, duplicates during interphase.

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

  • G1 Checkpoint: Assesses DNA integrity before DNA synthesis.
  • G2 Checkpoint: Ensures the cell is ready for mitosis.
  • M Phase Checkpoint: Checks if all kinetochores are attached to spindle microtubules.

Protein Kinase and Cyclins

  • Protein kinases activate/deactivate proteins via phosphorylation.
  • Activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) fluctuates based on cyclin concentration.

Cancer Cell Behavior

  • Cancer cells ignore density-dependent inhibition and anchorage dependence leading to uncontrolled growth.
  • Transformation: Normal cells convert into cancer cells.
  • Metastasis: Spread of cancer cells to distant sites.

Cancer Treatments

  • High Energy Radiation: Targets localized tumors; more harmful to them due to compromised DNA repair.
  • Chemotherapy: Affects rapidly dividing metastatic tumors.

HeLa Cells

  • Derived from Henrietta Lacks, they are 66 years old and are immortal, used extensively in cancer research.

Tumor Types

  • Benign Tumor: Limited genetic changes, does not spread easily.
  • Malignant Tumor: Capable of metastasis, affects normal tissue function.

Summary of Cell Cycle Components and Functions

  • Kinetochore Microtubules: Shorten during anaphase to separate sister chromatids.
  • Nonkinetochore Microtubules: Help elongate the cell during anaphase.

Cytokinesis

  • In animal cells, it occurs via a contractile ring forming a cleavage furrow.
  • In plant cells, a cell plate forms from vesicles carrying cell wall materials, fusing with the membrane to create daughter cells.

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Test your understanding of cell division with flashcards from Chapter 12 of the AP Biology Campbell Active Reading Guide. This chapter covers key roles of cell division, including reproduction, growth and development, and tissue renewal. Perfect for studying essential concepts in biology.

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