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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of fractional distillation in the context of crude oil?
What is the primary purpose of fractional distillation in the context of crude oil?
- To reduce the viscosity of crude oil
- To convert crude oil into biomass
- To separate crude oil into usable fractions (correct)
- To refine water from oil
Which of the following best describes hydrocarbons?
Which of the following best describes hydrocarbons?
- Compounds containing only carbon atoms
- Compounds made of hydrogen and carbon only (correct)
- Compounds containing hydrogen and oxygen
- Compounds made of nitrogen and hydrogen
What characterizes the homologous series in organic chemistry?
What characterizes the homologous series in organic chemistry?
- A series with decreasing boiling points
- A collection of compounds made of nitrogen
- A family of compounds with the same general formula (correct)
- A group of compounds with no similar properties
In fractional distillation, what happens to the vapors of crude oil as they rise up the column?
In fractional distillation, what happens to the vapors of crude oil as they rise up the column?
What does viscosity refer to in the context of liquids?
What does viscosity refer to in the context of liquids?
What functional group is characteristic of alcohols?
What functional group is characteristic of alcohols?
Which reaction describes the conversion of glucose to ethanol?
Which reaction describes the conversion of glucose to ethanol?
What is the primary characteristic of alkenes?
What is the primary characteristic of alkenes?
What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates?
What is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonates?
Which of the following explains why alcohols are considered good fuels?
Which of the following explains why alcohols are considered good fuels?
How can ethanol produced by fermentation be separated from the mixture?
How can ethanol produced by fermentation be separated from the mixture?
Which statement about carboxylic acids is true?
Which statement about carboxylic acids is true?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the combustion of alkenes?
Which of the following statements accurately describes the combustion of alkenes?
What process involves breaking down long hydrocarbon chains into shorter, more useful chains?
What process involves breaking down long hydrocarbon chains into shorter, more useful chains?
Which statement describes complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Which statement describes complete combustion of hydrocarbons?
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What is the general formula for alkanes?
What is formed during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
What is formed during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons?
Which of the following correctly identifies a characteristic of alkenes?
Which of the following correctly identifies a characteristic of alkenes?
Why do boiling points of alkanes increase with chain length?
Why do boiling points of alkanes increase with chain length?
What is a disadvantage of incomplete combustion?
What is a disadvantage of incomplete combustion?
Which functional group characterizes alkenes?
Which functional group characterizes alkenes?
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Study Notes
Crude Oil
- Finite resource
- Formed from ancient biomass, mainly plankton buried in mud
- Mixture of hydrocarbons
- Separated into fractions by fractional distillation
- Used as fuels or feedstock for the chemical industry
Fractional distillation
- Vapourised crude oil passed into the bottom of a column
- Vapours rise up the column cooling and condensing
- Hydrocarbons with different boiling points condense at different levels
Cracking
- Long hydrocarbon chains are broken into shorter chains
- Makes more useful products
- Catalytic cracking – high temperature + catalyst
- Steam cracking – high temperature + steam
Alkanes
- Saturated hydrocarbons
- General formula: CnH2n+2
- Boiling point increases as the length of the chain increases
Alkenes
- Unsaturated hydrocarbons
- Contain a carbon-carbon double bond
- General formula: CnH2n
- Decolourise bromine water
Combustion of hydrocarbons
- Complete combustion – excess oxygen – carbon dioxide and water formed
- Incomplete combustion – limited oxygen – carbon monoxide and/or carbon formed
Alcohols
- Functional group: -OH
- Made by fermentation of glucose (sugar)
- Conditions: warm + anaerobic (no oxygen)
Carboxylic acids
- Weak acids
- Functional group -COOH
- Only slightly dissociated in water
###Â Reactions of carboxylic acids
- React with carbonates to produce effervescence (bubbling) and carbon dioxide.
- React with alcohols to produce esters.
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