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Questions and Answers
What type of compounds are most commonly found in the items listed in the last column of the table?
What type of compounds are most commonly found in the items listed in the last column of the table?
- Organic compounds (correct)
- Inorganic compounds
- Metallic compounds
- Saline compounds
Which statement accurately reflects the prevalence of carbon on Earth?
Which statement accurately reflects the prevalence of carbon on Earth?
- It is present in meagre amounts in the Earth's crust and atmosphere. (correct)
- It is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust.
- It is abundant in the atmosphere and crust.
- It exists in significant quantities in all forms of matter.
What can be inferred about the items made of carbon compounds?
What can be inferred about the items made of carbon compounds?
- They are always synthetic materials.
- They cannot decompose.
- They are essential in the production of food, clothes, and medicines. (correct)
- They are primarily found in natural rock formations.
If a compound containing carbon is burned, what is the expected product?
If a compound containing carbon is burned, what is the expected product?
What is a significant feature of carbon that is highlighted in the chapter?
What is a significant feature of carbon that is highlighted in the chapter?
What is produced when carbon burns in the presence of oxygen?
What is produced when carbon burns in the presence of oxygen?
Which type of flame is indicative of incomplete combustion?
Which type of flame is indicative of incomplete combustion?
What causes the blackening of cooking vessels when using a gas stove?
What causes the blackening of cooking vessels when using a gas stove?
Which statement about saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is correct?
Which statement about saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons is correct?
What happens when the air supply is limited during combustion?
What happens when the air supply is limited during combustion?
What is the primary source of ethanol in fuel production mentioned?
What is the primary source of ethanol in fuel production mentioned?
What is a key characteristic of ethanol when used as a fuel?
What is a key characteristic of ethanol when used as a fuel?
Which property distinguishes acetic acid from mineral acids like hydrochloric acid?
Which property distinguishes acetic acid from mineral acids like hydrochloric acid?
What common use of vinegar is mentioned?
What common use of vinegar is mentioned?
At what temperature does pure ethanoic acid freeze?
At what temperature does pure ethanoic acid freeze?
What is the correct name for a compound with three carbon atoms and an alcohol functional group?
What is the correct name for a compound with three carbon atoms and an alcohol functional group?
In naming a carbon compound, what change is made when the functional group is indicated as a suffix and begins with a vowel?
In naming a carbon compound, what change is made when the functional group is indicated as a suffix and begins with a vowel?
What is the first step in naming a carbon compound according to the described method?
What is the first step in naming a carbon compound according to the described method?
How would a three-carbon chain with a double bond be named?
How would a three-carbon chain with a double bond be named?
Which of the following represents a homologous series in organic chemistry?
Which of the following represents a homologous series in organic chemistry?
When naming a carbon chain, what suffix is used for a ketone functional group?
When naming a carbon chain, what suffix is used for a ketone functional group?
If a three-carbon chain has a triple bond, what is its correct name?
If a three-carbon chain has a triple bond, what is its correct name?
Which of the following compounds does NOT belong to the homologous series of alcohols?
Which of the following compounds does NOT belong to the homologous series of alcohols?
What are the products of the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
What are the products of the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium hydroxide?
When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, which gas is produced?
When ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate, which gas is produced?
What is the overall chemical equation when 2 moles of ethanoic acid react with sodium carbonate?
What is the overall chemical equation when 2 moles of ethanoic acid react with sodium carbonate?
What salt is commonly produced when ethanoic acid reacts with bases or carbonates?
What salt is commonly produced when ethanoic acid reacts with bases or carbonates?
What observation indicates that a gas is produced during the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium bicarbonate?
What observation indicates that a gas is produced during the reaction between ethanoic acid and sodium bicarbonate?
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Study Notes
Overview of Carbon and Its Importance
- Carbon is a crucial element found in both elemental and combined forms.
- Compounds made from carbon include food, clothes, medicines, and many daily items.
- All living organisms are based on carbon compounds.
Homologous Series and Nomenclature
- Organize carbon alcohols based on the number of carbon atoms; this forms a homologous series.
- The naming of carbon compounds involves identifying the carbon chain and functional groups.
- Prefixes or suffixes indicate the nature of functional groups (e.g., methanol, ethanol).
- Specific rules for naming include:
- Remove the final 'e' of the carbon chain name if the suffix starts with a vowel.
- Unsaturated compounds replace ‘ane’ with ‘ene’ or ‘yne’ depending on double or triple bonds.
Combustion of Carbon Compounds
- Carbon compounds undergo oxidation during combustion, producing carbon dioxide and water alongside energy.
- Example reactions:
- C + O2 → CO2 + heat and light
- CH4 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + heat and light
Flame Testing of Carbon Compounds
- Burning saturated hydrocarbons produces a clean, blue flame; unsaturated hydrocarbons result in a yellow, sooty flame.
- Incomplete combustion occurs with limited air supply, leading to soot formation.
- Gas stoves are designed to provide enough air for complete combustion, preventing blackening of cooking vessels.
Alcohols as Fuels
- Ethanol can be produced from sugarcane through fermentation of molasses.
- Alcohol is sometimes used as a petrol additive due to its cleaner burning properties, primarily releasing carbon dioxide and water.
Properties and Reactions of Ethanoic Acid
- Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) is a weak acid, characterized by its carboxylic group.
- A 5-8% solution in water is known as vinegar, commonly used as a preservative.
- Ethanoic acid reacts with bases, forming salts (e.g., sodium acetate).
- Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates generates carbon dioxide, water, and a corresponding salt.
Summary of Key Chemical Reactions
- Ethanoic acid interacts with sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate:
- CH3COOH + Na2CO3 → 2CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
- CH3COOH + NaHCO3 → CH3COONa + H2O + CO2
Chemical Properties of Acids
- Ethanoic acid is a weak acid and does not ionize completely in solution.
- Comparison of pH levels between ethanoic acid and strong acids like hydrochloric acid reveals differences in strength.
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