Chemistry of Behavior

<p>Metabotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioid receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release information when APs reach axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesized in glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Recognized by receptors on the postsynaptic membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists have high efficacy; antagonists have low efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The overall action of a drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose that shows half of its maximal effect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug is more potent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the brain from toxins/pathogens in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic tolerance and functional tolerance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There are fewer receptors available for the drug.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance to one drug is generalized to other drugs in its class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the brain from foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists increase receptor activity, while antagonists decrease receptor activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists have high efficacy; antagonists have low efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of affinity and efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose that shows half of the drug's maximal effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As dose increases, the drug starts to have effect elsewhere in the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioavailability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pharmacodynamics</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic tolerance and functional tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabotropic receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Effective dose for 50% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists and antagonists have opposite effects on neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The potency of a drug</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical and psychological tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the brain from foreign substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists have high efficacy; antagonists have low efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropeptides</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial agonist</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The drug with the lower ED50 is more potent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect the brain from toxins/pathogens in the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>As the dose increases, the drug starts to have effects elsewhere in the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabotropic receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonist drugs can up-regulate the number of receptors available.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The dose of a drug that produces a therapeutic effect in 50% of the population</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tolerance to one drug is generalized to other drugs in its class.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Combination of affinity and efficacy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>4</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate = Most common excitatory NT, key role in memory formation GABA = Most widely distributed inhibitory NT, controls excitability Acetylcholine = Learning/memory processes, NT used at neuromuscular junction Dopamine = Motor control, reward, reinforcement, and associative learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glutamate = AMPA, NMDA, kainate, Metabotropic Glu receptors GABA = GABAA, GABAB receptors Acetylcholine = Nicotinic ACh receptor, Muscarinic ACh receptor Dopamine = D1-like receptors, D2-like receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acetylcholine = Basal forebrain Dopamine = Substantia nigra, VTA Norepinephrine = Locus coeruleus, Lateral tegmental area Serotonin = Raphe nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonist = Initiates normal effects of the transmitter on that receptor Antagonist = Binds to a receptor and does not activate it, prevents binding by other ligands Inverse agonist = Initiates the reverse of the normal effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competitive = Drug directly competes with endogenous ligand at binding site Noncompetitive = Drug does not directly compete, binds to modulatory site instead</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Binding affinity = Degree of chemical attraction between ligand and receptor Efficacy = Ability of a bound ligand to activate the receptor Ligand = A substance that binds to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endorphins, enkephalins = Reward/pleasure, control of pain Oxytocin, vasopressin = Reproductive behavior, socialization Neuropeptide Y = Feeding</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide = Produced outside axon terminals, do not require receptors, often retrograde transmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amino acids = GABA, glutamate Amines = Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, norepinephrine Neuropeptides = Endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins, oxytocin, vasopressin, neuropeptide Y Gases = Nitric oxide, carbon monoxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine = Motor control, reward, reinforcement, and associative learning Norepinephrine = Alertness, emotion, stress/anxiety, attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptor = Fast-acting changes in Vm Metabotropic receptors = Activate intracellular signaling cascades Opioid receptor = mRNA distribution in human brain GABAA receptor = Major subtype</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Differ in anatomical distribution = Receptor subtypes can be found in different parts of the body Work with different ions = Receptor subtypes can interact with various ions Respond to multiple NTs = Receptor subtypes can react to more than one type of neurotransmitter Interact within/across neuron populations = Receptor subtypes can alter signaling in complex ways</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous = Naturally occurring, originating from organism itself Neurotransmitter (NT) = Endogenous chemical specialized for transmitting information between neurons Axon terminals = Location where neurotransmitters are stored Postsynaptic membrane = Recognizes neurotransmitters and undergoes changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Stored in axon terminals = Neurotransmitters are kept in specific parts of the neuron Synthesized in neurons = Neurotransmitters are produced within the neuron Released when APs reach axon terminals = Neurotransmitters are let out when action potentials reach certain parts of the neuron Evokes changes in a postsynaptic cell = Neurotransmitters cause alterations in the cell receiving the signal</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ionotropic receptor = A receptor that is a ligand-gated ion channel and causes fast-acting changes in Vm Metabotropic receptors = Also known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), these activate intracellular signaling cascades Opioid receptor = A receptor known for its mRNA distribution in the human brain Receptor diversity = A concept that refers to the fact that a given neurotransmitter system can act on many receptor subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signal amplification = A process that increases the impact of a particular signal Gene expression = The process by which information from a gene is used to produce a functional product Ion channel conductivity = The ability of an ion channel to allow ions to pass through Receptor subtypes = Different versions of a receptor that can vary in function and location</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fast-acting changes in Vm = Quick alterations in membrane voltage Slow but powerful and diverse effects = Characteristic of metabotropic receptors mRNA distribution in human brain = Characteristic of opioid receptors Major GABAA receptor subtypes = Specific versions of GABAA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous = Produced or originating from within a cell or organism Neurotransmitter = A chemical substance that transmits nerve impulses across a synapse Receptor subtypes = Different versions of a receptor that can vary in function and location Signal amplification = The process by which the effect of a particular signal is increased</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Receptor diversity = The concept that a given neurotransmitter system can act on many receptor subtypes Opioid receptor = A receptor with mRNA distribution in the human brain Metabotropic receptors = Also known as G-protein coupled receptors, these receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades Ionotropic receptor = A receptor that is a ligand-gated ion channel and causes fast-acting changes in Vm</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endogenous = Naturally occurring, originating from organism itself Neurotransmitter (NT) = Endogenous chemical specialized for transmitting information between neurons Ionotropic receptor = A receptor that is a ligand-gated ion channel and causes fast-acting changes in Vm Metabotropic receptors = Also known as G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), these receptors activate intracellular signaling cascades</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists = Drugs that have high efficacy Antagonists = Drugs that have low efficacy Partial agonists = Drugs that produce a medium response regardless of dose Nonmonotonic DRC = A dose-response curve where the effect of a drug starts to change as dose increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bioavailability = Amount of drug in body that is free to act PO = Peroral route of administration SC = Subcutaneous route of administration IM = Intramuscular route of administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ED50 = Dose that shows half of its maximal effect Pharmacodynamics = The functional relationship between drugs and their targets Pharmacokinetics = Factors that affect movement of a drug through the body Dose-response curve (DRC) = Graph of the relationship between drug doses and effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic tolerance = Tolerance form where organ systems become more effective at eliminating drug Functional tolerance = Tolerance form where the tissue targeted by drug alters its sensitivity Down-regulate = Fewer receptors available, often as a response to agonist drugs Up-regulate = More receptors available, often as a response to antagonist drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cross-tolerance = Tolerance to one drug is generalized to other drugs in its class Blood-brain barrier (BBB) = Tight junctions around blood vessels in the CNS that protects the brain from toxins/pathogens in blood Nanoparticles = Special molecules designed to get drugs past the BBB Trojan horses = Nickname for nanoparticles used to bypass the BBB</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Agonists = Drugs that bind to and activate a receptor, producing an effect Antagonists = Drugs that bind to a receptor but do not activate it. Instead, they block the receptor from being activated by agonists Partial agonists = Drugs that bind to and activate a receptor, but have only partial efficacy at the receptor relative to a full agonist ED50 = The dose of a drug that produces 50% of the drug's maximal effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affinity = The degree to which a drug binds to a receptor Efficacy = The ability of a drug to produce a response when it binds to a receptor Agonist = A drug that has both affinity and efficacy at a given receptor Antagonist = A drug that has affinity but no efficacy at a given receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PO = Peroral SC = Subcutaneous IM = Intramuscular IV = Intravenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Functional tolerance = A form of tolerance where the tissue targeted by a drug alters its sensitivity Metabolic tolerance = A form of tolerance where organ systems become more effective at eliminating a drug Cross-tolerance = A phenomenon where tolerance to one drug is generalized to other drugs in its class Down-regulation = A decrease in the number of receptors, often as a response to agonist drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Up-regulation = An increase in the number of receptors, often as a response to antagonist drugs ED50 = The dose of a drug that produces 50% of the drug's maximal effect Affinity = The degree to which a drug binds to a receptor Efficacy = The ability of a drug to produce a response when it binds to a receptor</p> Signup and view all the answers