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Questions and Answers
What reagent is required for the hydration of alkynes?
What reagent is required for the hydration of alkynes?
- Mercuric sulfate
- H2SO4 (correct)
- Na, NH3
- H2O
In the addition of halogens to alkynes, what is the product formed when chlorine adds to an alkyne?
In the addition of halogens to alkynes, what is the product formed when chlorine adds to an alkyne?
- 1,1-dichloroethane
- 1,2-dibromoethene
- 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane
- 1,2-dichloroethene (correct)
Which rule governs the direction of addition of HCl to an alkyne?
Which rule governs the direction of addition of HCl to an alkyne?
- Markovnikovs rule (correct)
- Zaitsev's rule
- Hofmann's rule
- Saytzev's rule
What is the intermediate formed in the addition of HCl to an alkyne?
What is the intermediate formed in the addition of HCl to an alkyne?
What is the product formed when bromine adds to an alkyne?
What is the product formed when bromine adds to an alkyne?
What reagents are required for the addition of water to alkynes?
What reagents are required for the addition of water to alkynes?
Which ion forms an association with an alkyne weakening the triple bond during hydration?
Which ion forms an association with an alkyne weakening the triple bond during hydration?
In which of the following industrial processes are simple alcohols obtained?
In which of the following industrial processes are simple alcohols obtained?
Which type of alcohols are usually formed through the hydration of alkenes according to Markovnikov's rule?
Which type of alcohols are usually formed through the hydration of alkenes according to Markovnikov's rule?
What is the principal source of alkenes for the hydration process to produce alcohols?
What is the principal source of alkenes for the hydration process to produce alcohols?
Which type of reaction converts alkenes into alcohols by direct addition of water?
Which type of reaction converts alkenes into alcohols by direct addition of water?
What is the process to obtain alcohols consistent with Markovnikov's rule from alkenes?
What is the process to obtain alcohols consistent with Markovnikov's rule from alkenes?
Which type of alcohols usually result from the hydration process of alkenes?
Which type of alcohols usually result from the hydration process of alkenes?
What are the two principal ways to obtain simple alcohols for organic synthesis?
What are the two principal ways to obtain simple alcohols for organic synthesis?
Which method results in alcohols that follow Markovnikovs rule during their formation?
Which method results in alcohols that follow Markovnikovs rule during their formation?
What is one primary result of the fermentation process in organic synthesis?
What is one primary result of the fermentation process in organic synthesis?
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Study Notes
Alcohols (Alkanols)
- Alcohols contain the hydroxy (-OH) group, which determines their properties and characteristics.
- The general formula for alkanols is CnH2n+1OH or R-OH, where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group.
Naming Alcohols
- The number of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached is given.
- For compounds with more than one hydroxyl group, the number of -OH groups is denoted by the insertion before 'ol' of the appropriate syllable (e.g., di-, tri-, tetra-).
Industrial Sources and Uses of Alcohols
- There are two principal ways to obtain simple alcohols:
- Hydration of alkenes obtained from the cracking of petroleum.
- Fermentation of carbohydrates.
Markovnikov's Rule
- States that the addition of water to alkenes forms 2o and 3o alcohols.
Alkynes
- Hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.
- The simplest alkyne is acetylene (H-C≡C-H).
- Names of alkynes follow the IUPAC system, with the longest chain containing the C≡C bond as the base structure.
- The carbons are numbered from the end nearest to the C≡C bond.
Reactions of Alkynes
- Catalytic hydrogenation: same catalysts as for alkenes, Pt or Pd.
- Addition of hydrogen halide: follows the Markovnikov's rule.
- Addition of water: requires catalysis by both H2SO4 and mercuric sulphate, follows the Markovnikov's rule.
Acidity of Alkynes
- The hydrogen atoms of alkynes are weakly acidic.
- The acidity of alkynes is due to the C-H bond.
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