Chemistry of Alkynes Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What reagent is required for the hydration of alkynes?

  • Mercuric sulfate
  • H2SO4 (correct)
  • Na, NH3
  • H2O

In the addition of halogens to alkynes, what is the product formed when chlorine adds to an alkyne?

  • 1,1-dichloroethane
  • 1,2-dibromoethene
  • 1,1,2,2-tetrabromoethane
  • 1,2-dichloroethene (correct)

Which rule governs the direction of addition of HCl to an alkyne?

  • Markovnikovs rule (correct)
  • Zaitsev's rule
  • Hofmann's rule
  • Saytzev's rule

What is the intermediate formed in the addition of HCl to an alkyne?

<p>More stable carbocation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the product formed when bromine adds to an alkyne?

<p>1,2-dibromoethene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reagents are required for the addition of water to alkynes?

<p>H2O and HgSO4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ion forms an association with an alkyne weakening the triple bond during hydration?

<p>(Hg2+) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following industrial processes are simple alcohols obtained?

<p>Hydration of alkenes from cracking of petroleum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alcohols are usually formed through the hydration of alkenes according to Markovnikov's rule?

<p>Secondary and tertiary alcohols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal source of alkenes for the hydration process to produce alcohols?

<p>Cracking of petroleum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reaction converts alkenes into alcohols by direct addition of water?

<p>Hydration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process to obtain alcohols consistent with Markovnikov's rule from alkenes?

<p>Oxymercuration-demercuration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of alcohols usually result from the hydration process of alkenes?

<p>Secondary and tertiary alcohols (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two principal ways to obtain simple alcohols for organic synthesis?

<p>Cracking of petroleum and fermentation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method results in alcohols that follow Markovnikovs rule during their formation?

<p>Hydrogenation of unsaturated fats (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary result of the fermentation process in organic synthesis?

<p>Alcohol production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Alcohols (Alkanols)

  • Alcohols contain the hydroxy (-OH) group, which determines their properties and characteristics.
  • The general formula for alkanols is CnH2n+1OH or R-OH, where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group.

Naming Alcohols

  • The number of the carbon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached is given.
  • For compounds with more than one hydroxyl group, the number of -OH groups is denoted by the insertion before 'ol' of the appropriate syllable (e.g., di-, tri-, tetra-).

Industrial Sources and Uses of Alcohols

  • There are two principal ways to obtain simple alcohols:
    • Hydration of alkenes obtained from the cracking of petroleum.
    • Fermentation of carbohydrates.

Markovnikov's Rule

  • States that the addition of water to alkenes forms 2o and 3o alcohols.

Alkynes

  • Hydrocarbons containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.
  • The simplest alkyne is acetylene (H-C≡C-H).
  • Names of alkynes follow the IUPAC system, with the longest chain containing the C≡C bond as the base structure.
  • The carbons are numbered from the end nearest to the C≡C bond.

Reactions of Alkynes

  • Catalytic hydrogenation: same catalysts as for alkenes, Pt or Pd.
  • Addition of hydrogen halide: follows the Markovnikov's rule.
  • Addition of water: requires catalysis by both H2SO4 and mercuric sulphate, follows the Markovnikov's rule.

Acidity of Alkynes

  • The hydrogen atoms of alkynes are weakly acidic.
  • The acidity of alkynes is due to the C-H bond.

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