Chemistry of Alcohols and Phenols
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Questions and Answers

What is the functional group found in alcohols?

  • Carboxyl group
  • Hydroxyl group (correct)
  • Carbonyl group
  • Amino group

What is the difference between a primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohol?

  • The number of carbon atoms directly bonded to the carbon atom bearing the hydroxyl group. (correct)
  • The type of functional group present.
  • The acidity of the alcohol.
  • The solubility of the alcohol in water.

Phenols are more acidic than alcohols.

True (A)

What happens to the solubility of alcohols in water as the size of the alcohol molecule increases?

<p>The solubility decreases</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle behind the Ritter Test?

<p>The Ritter Test uses potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to differentiate primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols based on their oxidation reactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Ritter Test, ______ alcohols cannot be oxidized because they lack a hydrogen atom on the carbon bonded to the hydroxyl group.

<p>tertiary</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ritter Test can differentiate between primary and secondary alcohols but not between primary and tertiary alcohols.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the color of potassium permanganate when it oxidizes primary or secondary alcohols?

<p>It changes from purple to brown.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using acetic acid in the Ritter Test?

<p>To act as a solvent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hydroxy group

The functional group that defines alcohols, consisting of a hydroxyl group (-OH) bonded to a carbon atom.

Primary alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group is attached to one other carbon atom.

Secondary alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group is attached to two other carbon atoms.

Tertiary alcohol

An alcohol where the carbon bearing the hydroxyl group is attached to three other carbon atoms.

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Phenol

A compound where a hydroxyl group (-OH) is directly attached to a carbon atom on an aromatic ring.

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Water solubility

The ability of a substance to dissolve in water.

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Hydrophobic

A property of molecules that resist water and tend to clump together away from water.

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Deprotonation

The removal of a proton (H+) from a molecule.

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Ritter Test

A test that differentiates primary and secondary alcohols from tertiary alcohols using potassium permanganate.

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Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)

A strong oxidizing agent that can oxidize primary and secondary alcohols.

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Aldehyde

A compound formed when a primary alcohol is oxidized, containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to a hydrogen.

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Ketone

A compound formed when a secondary alcohol is oxidized, containing a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to two alkyl groups or other hydrocarbon groups.

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Carboxylic acid

A compound formed when a primary alcohol is further oxidized, containing a carboxyl group (-COOH) bonded to an alkyl group.

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Oxidation

The process where a substance loses electrons, often by reacting with an oxidizing agent.

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Cation

An ion with a positive charge, formed when an atom loses an electron.

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Anion

An ion with a negative charge, formed when an atom gains an electron.

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Color change

The change in color of potassium permanganate during the Ritter Test, indicating the presence of either a primary or secondary alcohol.

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Acetic acid

A colorless liquid that dissolves both primary and secondary alcohols and serves as a solvent in the Ritter Test.

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Study Notes

Alcohols and Phenols

  • Alcohols are compounds containing a hydroxyl (OH) group bonded to a carbon atom.
  • Alcohols are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of carbon atoms bonded to the carbon atom with the hydroxyl group.
  • Primary alcohols have one carbon atom bonded to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
  • Secondary alcohols have two carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
  • Tertiary alcohols have three carbon atoms bonded to the carbon with the hydroxyl group.
  • Phenols have a hydroxyl group directly bonded to an aromatic ring.
  • Phenols are more acidic than alcohols.
  • Sufficient aqueous sodium hydroxide will deprotonate the hydroxyl group (-OH) in phenols, but not in alcohols.

Physical Properties

  • Solubility in water: Smaller alcohols are water-soluble due to hydrogen bonding. Larger alcohols are less soluble because the nonpolar alkyl groups disrupt hydrogen bonding. Phenol solubility is similar to alcohols.

  • State: Alcohols can be solid if the size of the molecule is large, and most phenols are solid.

Chemical Properties

  • Oxidation: Primary and secondary alcohols can be oxidized by potassium permanganate (KMnO4) to aldehydes and ketones respectively (then onward to carboxylic acids with primary alcohols). Tertiary alcohols do not react.
  • Ritter test:
    • Differentiates primary and secondary alcohols from tertiary.
    • Potassium permanganate (purple) oxidizes primary and secondary alcohols to form brown MnO2.
    • Tertiary alcohols do not react; permanganate color remains purple.

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Related Documents

Alcohols and Phenols Chemistry Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz covers the essential concepts of alcohols and phenols, including their structural classifications, acidity, and physical properties. Test your understanding of how hydroxyl groups influence solubility and the distinctions between different types of alcohols. Dive deep into these important organic compounds and their reactivity!

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