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ऑक्साइड का नामकरण कैसे किया जाता है?
मौलिक तत्व के नाम के अंत में -ऑक्साइड जोड़कर किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, हाइड्रोजन का ऑक्साइड पानी है और कार्बन का ऑक्साइड कार्बन डाइऑक्साइड है।
अम्लों का नामकरण किस प्रकार किया जाता है?
अम्लों के नाम -ic एसिड या -ous एसिड के साथ समाप्त होते हैं, जो अम्ल की ताकत पर निर्भर करता है।
साल्ट का नामकरण कैसे किया जाता है?
कैशन का नाम पहले आता है, उसके बाद एनायन का नाम आता है।
सल्फरिक एसिड का रासायनिक सूत्र क्या है?
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आल्यूमिनियम सल्फेट किस प्रकार की रासायनिक विलय होती है?
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किस आधार पर किसी ऑर्गेनिक यौगिक का नामकरण किया जाता है?
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पेयरेंट हाइड्रोकार्बन क्या है और इसका क्या महत्व है?
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कर्बन परमाणुओं की गिनती किस तरह की जाती है?
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सबसे उच्च प्राथमिकता वाली फंक्शनल ग्रुप क्या होती है?
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सबस्टीटूएंट क्या होते हैं और किस प्रकार से उनका नामकरण किया जाता है?
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Study Notes
Nomenclature in Chemistry
Nomenclature is the systematic and standardized way chemists label chemical compounds, elements, and reaction processes. This system allows chemists to clearly communicate and understand the composition and structure of substances, facilitating collaboration and scientific progress. In this article, we will delve into two major subsets of nomenclature: chemical nomenclature and organic chemistry nomenclature.
Chemical Nomenclature
Chemical nomenclature refers to the set of rules for naming inorganic compounds, such as salts, acids, and oxides. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) provides the most widely accepted guidelines for naming inorganic compounds.
- Oxides: Named by adding the suffix -oxide to the base name of the element. For example, hydrogen's oxide is water, and carbon's oxide is carbon dioxide.
- Acids: End with the suffix -ic acid or -ous acid depending on the acid's strength. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is a strong acid, so it ends with -ic acid; sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a strong acid, so it ends with -ic acid. Nitric acid (HNO3) is a strong acid, but it ends with -ous acid because it has more than one hydrogen atom attached to nitrogen; aluminum sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) forms an acidic solution, but it does not end with -ic or -ous acid because it is not a pure acid but a salt.
- Salt nomenclature: The cation is named first, followed by the anion's name. For example, sodium chloride (NaCl) has the sodium cation, and chloride anion.
Organic Chemistry Nomenclature
Organic chemistry nomenclature is more complex than its inorganic counterpart due to the variety and complexity of organic molecules. IUPAC provides rules for naming organic compounds, and common nomenclature conventions are used to simplify the naming process.
- Functionality: Naming is based on the presence of functional groups in the molecule. Common functional groups include alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and more. The functional group with the highest priority in a molecule determines its name.
- Parent hydrocarbon: The parent hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon from which the given compound can be derived by removal or substitution of hydrogen atoms. For example, in ethanol, ethane is the parent hydrocarbon, and the -OH group is the functional group.
- Numbering: The carbon atoms of the parent hydrocarbon are numbered from the end of the longest continuous chain containing the functional group. If there is a choice of two chains, the one with the highest priority functional group is chosen to determine the chain of carbon atoms.
- Substituents: Substituents are named following the rules for naming functional groups, and they are added to the parent name. For example, in 2-bromopentane, "bromo" is the substituent for the second carbon in pentane.
It is essential to note that the naming of organic compounds is based on a hierarchy of functional groups, followed by numbering and substituents. To accurately name a compound, chemists must carefully apply these rules and understand the priorities of the different naming conventions.
Nomenclature is an invaluable tool that enables chemists to describe complex chemical structures, fosters collaboration, and facilitates the advancement of chemistry. By adhering to standardized nomenclature conventions, chemists can communicate clearly and efficiently, which is an integral part of any scientific discipline. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). (n.d.). Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Edition. Retrieved from https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/nomenclatureofinorganicc/ International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). (n.d.). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, 2nd Edition. Retrieved from https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/nomenclatureo/ American Chemical Society. (n.d.). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. Retrieved from https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/resources/highschool/teacher-resources/nomenclature-in-organic-chemistry.html
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Description
Explore the world of chemical nomenclature, including inorganic compounds, salts, acids, and organic chemistry naming conventions. Learn about IUPAC guidelines, functional groups, parent hydrocarbons, and the rules for numbering and naming substituents in organic compounds.
