Chemistry na Biology Mũno

Definition: The study of matter, its properties, composition, and the changes it undergoes.
Branches:
- Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon-containing compounds.
- Inorganic Chemistry: Study of inorganic compounds.
- Physical Chemistry: Study of the physical properties and changes of matter.
- Analytical Chemistry: Focus on the composition of substances and their separation.
- Biochemistry: Exploration of chemical processes within living organisms.
Key Concepts:
- Atoms and Molecules: Basic units of matter; atoms combine to form molecules.
- Chemical Reactions: Processes where substances transform into new substances.
- Periodic Table: Arrangement of elements based on atomic number and properties.
- pH Scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity (0-14 scale).

Definition: The science of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, and evolution.
Branches:
- Molecular Biology: Study of biological molecules and processes at the molecular level.
- Genetics: Study of heredity and variations in organisms.
- Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment.
- Evolutionary Biology: Study of the origins and changes in the diversity of life.
Key Concepts:
- Cell Theory: Basic unit of life is the cell; all living organisms are made of cells.
- DNA Structure: Double helix structure; carrier of genetic information.
- Photosynthesis: Process by which plants convert sunlight to energy.
- Homeostasis: Regulation of internal conditions to maintain stable state.

Definition: The science that studies celestial bodies, space, and the universe as a whole.
Branches:
- Astrophysics: Study of the physical properties of celestial bodies and the universe.
- Cosmology: Study of the universe's origin, evolution, and eventual fate.
- Planetary Science: Study of planets, moons, and planetary systems.
Key Concepts:
- Solar System: Composed of the Sun, planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.
- Light-Year: Distance light travels in one year; unit for measuring astronomical distances.
- Black Holes: Regions in space with gravitational pull so strong that nothing can escape from them.
- The Big Bang Theory: Dominant explanation of the universe's origin; suggests it began as a singularity expanding over time.

Kemia ni mũthenya wa mũthemba, mũthemba wake, mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba, na mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba.
Mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba wa mũthemba:
- Kemia ya mũthemba: mũthenya wa mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba wa kaboni.
- Kemia ya mũthemba: mũthenya wa mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba.
- Kemia ya mũthemba: mũthenya wa mũthemba wa mũthemba na mũthemba mũ nene wa mũthemba.
- Kemia ya mũthemba: mũthenya wa mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba na mũthemba wa mũthemba.
- Kemia ya mũthemba: mũthenya wa mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba wa mũthemba.
Mũthemba mũ nene wa mũthemba:
- Atoma na mũthenya: mũthemba mũ nene wa mũthemba; atoma hujiunga pamoja kuunda mũthenya.
- Mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba: mũthemba wa mũthemba ambapo mũthemba hugeuka kuwa mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba.
- Jedwali la Kikundi: mũthemba wa mũthemba wa mũthemba kwa kulingana na nambari ya atomiki na sifa.
- Kiwango cha pH: hupima asidi au alkali (kiwango cha 0-14).

Biolojia ni mũthenya wa maisha na viumbe hai, ikijumuisha muundo wao, kazi, ukuaji, na mageuzi.
Mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba wa mũthemba:
- Mũthemba wa mũthemba: mũthenya wa mũthemba wa mũthemba na mũthemba wa mũthemba kwa kiwango cha mũthemba.
- Jenitiki: mũthenya wa urithi na tofauti katika viumbe.
- Iklojia: mũthenya wa ushirikiano kati ya viumbe hai na mazingira yao.
- Mũthemba wa mageuzi: mũthenya wa asili na mabadiliko katika utofauti wa maisha.
Mũthemba mũ nene wa mũthemba:
- Nadharia ya seli: kitengo cha msingi cha maisha ni seli; viumbe hai vyote vimetengenezwa na seli.
- Mũthemba wa DNA: muundo wa helix mbili; mbeba wa habari ya kijeni.
- Unyonyaji wa nuru: mchakato ambao mimea hubadilisha nuru ya jua kuwa nishati.
- Homiyosistasi: udhibiti wa hali ya ndani ili kudumisha hali thabiti.

Astronomia ni sayansi inayojifunza miili ya angani, nafasi, na ulimwengu kwa ujumla.
Mũthemba mũnene wa mũthemba wa mũthemba:
- Astrophysics: mũthenya wa sifa za kimwili za miili ya angani na ulimwengu.
- Kosmolojia: mũthenya wa asili, mageuzi, na hatima ya ulimwengu.
- Sayansi ya sayari: mũthenya wa sayari, mwezi, na mifumo ya sayari.
Mũthemba mũ nene wa mũthemba:
- Mfumo wa jua: umeundwa na jua, sayari, mwezi, asteroids, na comets.
- Mwaka mwepesi: umbali ambao mwanga husafiri katika mwaka mmoja; kitengo cha kupima umbali wa nyota.
- Mashimo meusi: maeneo katika nafasi yenye mvuto mkubwa sana hivi kwamba hakuna kitu kinachoweza kukimbia kutoka kwao.
- Nadharia ya Big Bang: ufafanuzi mkuu wa asili ya ulimwengu; inaonyesha kwamba ilianza kama pekee inayoendelea kupanuka kwa wakati.