Chemistry Lab and Data Analysis Quiz

Chemistry

• Lab Equipment: Test tubes, test tube racks, beakers, Bunsen burners, spot plates, crucibles, funnels, and more.

• Safety: Always wear safety goggles. Never smell or taste chemicals. Dispose of liquid waste in designated containers, not sinks. Place broken glass in special glass containers.

Graphing

• Dependent Variable: What's observed or measured in an experiment. (Plotted on the y-axis)

• Independent Variable: What the experimenter changes. (Plotted on the x-axis).

• Control Variable: Keeps constant throughout the experiment.

• Hypothesis: Uses "If...then...because" structure.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data

• Quantitative: Numerical data (counts, measurements). Examples: sleep duration, plant height, temperature.

• Qualitative: Non-numerical data (descriptions, observations). Examples: feelings about an experience, object texture, color descriptions.

Mixtures and Pure Substances

• Mixtures: Two or more different substances mixed.

• Mechanical Mixture: Different substances are visible. Example: Salad

• Solution: Different substances are not visible. Example: Coffee

• Pure Substance: Made of only one type of particle. Example: Copper

• Elements: Cannot be broken down further. Example: Oxygen (O)

• Compounds: Formed from two or more elements. Example: Sodium Chloride (NaCl)

Physical and Chemical Changes

• Physical Change: Substance stays the same, but changes state or form. Examples: chopping wood, freezing water.

• Physical Change Types: Boiling/evaporation (liquid to gas), freezing (liquid to solid), condensation (gas to liquid), melting (solid to liquid), sublimation (solid to gas), deposition (gas to solid).

• Chemical Change: Substance transforms into a new substance(s) with different properties. Examples: burning wood, cooking a burger, boiling an egg.

• Chemical Change Clues: New color, heat/light release, gas bubbles, solid formation, irreversible change.

Particle Theory of Matter

• Particle Theory: All matter is made of small particles, particles have spaces between them, particles are constantly moving, particle attraction varies.

• Solids: Particles closely packed, fixed positions, definite shape.

• Liquids: Particles farther apart, can slide past, no fixed shape, takes container shape.

• Gases: Particles widely spaced, no fixed shape or volume, expands to fill the container.

Atomic Structure Calculations

• Protons: Equal to the atomic number.

• Electrons: Equal to the atomic number.

• Neutrons: Mass number minus the atomic number.

Chemical Families

• Chemical Families: Columns on the periodic table, elements share similar properties.

• Alkaline Metals: Very reactive, soft. (Group 1).

• Alkaline Earth Metals: Less reactive than alkaline metals, soft. (Group 2).

• Halogens: Very reactive, Can be solid, liquid, or gas. (Group 17)

• Noble Gases: Non-reactive, full valence shells. (Group 18)

Density Calculations

• (Formula for density needed)

Slope of a Graph

• Calculated as "rise over run" or (y₂ - y₁)/(x₂ - x₁)

Bohr and Lewis Diagrams

• Bohr: Show electron shells (2, 8, 8, 8...).

• Lewis: Show valence electrons as dots.

Space and Astronomy - Solar System

• Order of Planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune (MVEM JSUN).

• Key Planet Features: Uranus rotates on its side, Jupiter is largest, Earth has life, Saturn has rings, Venus is hottest (due to dense atmosphere).

Key Space Terms

• Celestial Objects: Objects in space.

• Planets: Large round bodies.

• Stars: Self-luminous (radiate energy).

• Solar System: Sun and planets, held together by gravity.

• Galaxies: Systems of stars.

• Comets: Icy rocks with tails.

• Meteors: Rocky objects entering Earth's atmosphere.

Layers of the Sun

• Sun Layers: (inside to outside) Core, radiative zone, convective zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona.

Formation of the Universe

• Big Bang Theory: Universe emerged from a single point and has been expanding.

Models of Planetary Motion

• Geocentric Model: Earth at the center.

• Heliocentric Model: Sun at the center.

Astronomy Tools

• Telescopes: Magnify distant objects.

• Satellites/Space Probes: Gather data.

Seasons, Day/Night, Tides

• Seasons: Earth's tilt causes seasons.

• Day/Night: Earth's rotation leads to day and night.

• Tides: Moon's gravity pulling on Earth's water.

Equinoxes and Solstices

• Equinoxes: Equal day and night (fall/spring).

• Solstices: Unequal day and night (summer/winter).

Life Cycle of a Star (Sun)

• Sun's final stage: white dwarf.

Types of Galaxies

• Milky Way is a spiral galaxy.

Calculations of Distances

• 1 AU: 1.5 x 10⁸ km (Astronomical Unit)

• 1 LY: 9.46 x 10¹² km (Light-year)

Electricity

• Electrostatic Series: Predicts charge transfer between materials.

• Electrostatics Law: Like charges repel; opposite charges attract.

• Methods of Charging: Conduction, friction, induction.

• Conduction: Direct contact transfer of electrons.

• Friction: Rubbing objects, transferring electrons.

• Induction: Charge rearrangement without contact.

• Ammeter: Measures current (series connection).

• Voltmeter: Measures voltage (parallel connection).

• Insulators: Limit/block electricity flow (no free electrons).

• Conductors: Allow easy electricity flow (free moving electrons).

Ecology

• Key Ecology Terms: Ecosystem, Biotic (living), Abiotic (non-living), Producer, Consumer, Trophic Level, Population, Biodiversity, Herbivore, Carnivore, Omnivore, Detritus, Decomposer, Photosynthesis, Cellular Respiration

• Photosynthesis: Converts light energy to chemical energy (CO₂ + H₂O → Sugar + O₂).

• Cellular Respiration: Converts food energy to usable energy (Sugar + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O + Energy).

• Energy Flow: Sun → Producers → Primary Consumers → Secondary Consumers → Tertiary Consumers (10% of energy transferred to next level).

• Matter Cycling: Nitrogen, Water, Carbon cycles.

• Human Impacts: Pollution, deforestation, climate change.

• Symbiotic Relationships: Mutualism (+/+), Commensalism (+/0), Parasitism (+/-).