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Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces
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Chemistry: Intermolecular Forces

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Questions and Answers

What is responsible for physical properties, such as boiling and melting points?

  • Electronegativity differences
  • Dipole-dipole forces
  • Intermolecular forces (correct)
  • Molecular shape
  • What is a measure of unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond?

  • Molecular shape
  • Dipole moment
  • Polarity (correct)
  • Electronegativity
  • What increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group in the periodic table?

  • Electronegativity (correct)
  • Molecular weight
  • Dipole moment
  • Polarity
  • What influences the strength of dipole-dipole forces?

    <p>Molecular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of molecules have a higher dipole moment than linear molecules?

    <p>Bent or V-shape molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases boiling point?

    <p>Dipole-dipole forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can decrease boiling point?

    <p>Branching or complexity in molecular shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences boiling point trends?

    <p>A combination of molecular weight and dipole-dipole forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dipole-Dipole Forces

    Intermolecular Forces

    • Weak attractive forces between molecules
    • Responsible for physical properties, such as boiling and melting points
    • Includes:
      • Dipole-dipole forces
      • Hydrogen bonding
      • London dispersion forces

    Polarity

    • Measure of unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
    • Results in a partial positive charge (δ+) on one atom and a partial negative charge (δ-) on the other
    • Caused by differences in electronegativity between atoms in a bond

    Electronegativity

    • Ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
    • Increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group in the periodic table
    • Electronegativity differences between atoms in a bond lead to polarity

    Molecular Shape

    • Influences the strength of dipole-dipole forces
    • Bent or V-shape molecules have a higher dipole moment than linear molecules
    • Dipole-dipole forces are stronger when molecules are polar and have a bent or V-shape
    • Dipole-dipole forces increase boiling point
    • As molecular weight increases, boiling point also increases
    • Branching or complexity in molecular shape can decrease boiling point
    • Boiling point trends are influenced by a combination of molecular weight and dipole-dipole forces

    Intermolecular Forces

    • Weak attractive forces between molecules responsible for physical properties like boiling and melting points
    • Comprise dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces

    Polarity

    • Measures unequal sharing of electrons in a covalent bond
    • Results in partial positive (δ+) and partial negative (δ-) charges on atoms
    • Caused by electronegativity differences between atoms in a bond

    Electronegativity

    • Ability of an atom to attract electrons in a covalent bond
    • Increases from left to right across a period and decreases down a group in the periodic table
    • Electronegativity differences lead to polarity in a bond

    Molecular Shape

    • Influences dipole-dipole force strength
    • Bent or V-shape molecules have a higher dipole moment than linear molecules
    • Dipole-dipole forces are stronger when molecules are polar and have a bent or V-shape
    • Dipole-dipole forces increase boiling point
    • Boiling point increases with molecular weight
    • Branching or complexity in molecular shape can decrease boiling point
    • Boiling point trends result from a combination of molecular weight and dipole-dipole forces

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    Description

    Understanding intermolecular forces, including dipole-dipole forces, hydrogen bonding, and London dispersion forces, and their role in determining physical properties.

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