Chemistry Fundamentals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which subatomic particle is positively charged?

  • Proton (correct)
  • Ion
  • Electron
  • Neutron

Which of the following correctly describes ionic compounds?

  • They usually conduct electricity in solid form.
  • They are formed from the transfer of electrons between atoms. (correct)
  • They consist of molecules that share electrons.
  • They typically have low melting points.

What is the pH range of acidic solutions?

  • Greater than 7
  • 0 to 14
  • 7 to 14
  • 0 to 7 (correct)

How can endothermic reactions be characterized?

<p>They absorb energy from their surroundings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of a distance-time graph indicates uniform motion?

<p>An upward sloped line (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of kinetic energy?

<p>It is the energy of an object in motion. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When balancing a chemical equation, which law must be followed?

<p>Law of conservation of mass (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What formula can be used to calculate work done when a force is applied?

<p>Work = Force x Distance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the mitochondria in a cell?

<p>Energy production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular transport mechanism requires energy?

<p>Active transport (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes phototropism?

<p>Growth toward light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

<p>The arrangement of phospholipids and proteins in the cell membrane (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process represents an example of the greenhouse effect?

<p>Absorbing heat by greenhouse gases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates xylem from phloem?

<p>Xylem transports water and minerals; phloem transports sugars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three points of cell theory?

<p>All living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of life, new cells arise from existing cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these conditions relates to efficiency in biological systems?

<p>High surface area to volume ratio (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Specific Heat Capacity

A measure of how much heat energy is required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree Celsius.

Heat of Fusion/Vaporization

The energy absorbed or released during a change of state (solid to liquid or liquid to gas).

Conduction

The process of transferring heat through direct contact.

Convection

The process of transferring heat through the movement of fluids.

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Radiation

The process of transferring heat through electromagnetic waves.

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Albedo

The ratio of reflected light to incident light.

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Greenhouse Effect

The process by which certain gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy from the sun, warming the Earth.

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Climatograph

A graph that shows the average monthly temperature and precipitation for a particular location.

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Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, and electrons are the basic building blocks of atoms. Protons are positively charged particles found in the nucleus. Neutrons are neutral particles found in the nucleus, while electrons are negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus.

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Ionic vs. Covalent Bonds

Ionic bonds form when atoms transfer electrons, creating positive and negative ions that attract each other. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons.

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pH Scale

A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution. It ranges from 0 to 14, with 0 being the most acidic and 14 the most basic.

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Work

Work is done when a force causes an object to move in the direction of the force. It is calculated by multiplying force and displacement.

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Potential and Kinetic Energy

Potential energy is stored energy due to an object's position or state, while kinetic energy is the energy of motion.

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Total Mechanical Energy

Total mechanical energy is the sum of an object's potential and kinetic energy. In a closed system, this total energy remains constant.

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Scalars vs. Vectors

Scalar quantities have only magnitude (size), while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.

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Chemical Reactions

Chemical reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms and molecules, resulting in the formation of new substances. Evidence of chemical reactions include color changes, gas production, heat release/absorption, and formation of a precipitate.

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Study Notes

Chemistry

  • Matter & the periodic table:
    • Atomic models (scientists and characteristics)
    • Subatomic particles (characteristics)
    • Element groups (general characteristics)
    • Diatomic and polyatomic elements
  • Compounds:
    • Covalent and ionic bond formation
    • Ionic vs. molecular compounds (comparison)
    • Naming ionic and molecular compounds
  • Acids and bases and solubility:
    • pH scale
    • Acid and base properties
    • Acid naming
    • Acid-base indicators
    • Solubility table for ionic compounds
  • Mole calculations:
    • Conversions between grams and moles
    • Mole-to-atom/molecule conversions
    • Atom/molecule-to-mole conversions
  • Reactions:
    • Evidence of chemical reactions
    • Reaction types (how to recognize)
    • Endothermic vs. exothermic reactions
    • Predicting products and writing equations
    • Balancing chemical equations
    • Mole ratios for predicting reactants/products

Physics

  • Definitions:
    • Scalar vs. vector quantities (examples)
  • Kinematics:
    • Calculating distance and displacement
    • Calculating speed and velocity
    • Calculating acceleration
    • Distance-time, velocity-time, and acceleration-time graphs (uniform and accelerated motion)
  • Energetics:
    • Calculating work (direction of force)
    • Calculating work from a distance-time graph
    • Calculating potential and kinetic energy
    • Energy conversions (e.g., dropping object, pendulum, roller coaster)
    • Calculating total mechanical energy – stays constant
    • Calculating efficiency

Biology

  • Microscopes:

    • Microscope parts and functions
    • Microscope calculations (high power field of view, specimen size)
  • Cell theory:

    • The three points of cell theory
    • Cellular organization
  • Plant and animal cells:

    • Cell organelles (functions)
    • Plant vs animal cell comparison
  • Cell Membrane:

    • Fluid mosaic model
    • Active vs. passive transport
    • Tonicity
  • Surface area to volume:

    • Surface area/volume ratio and cell efficiency
  • Plant structure:

    • Plant organ systems (2) and tissue systems (3)
  • Gas transport:

    • Photosynthesis vs cellular respiration (chemical reactions & where/when)
    • Xylem & phloem (comparison & function)
  • Water and sugar transport:

    • Water properties; root pressure; transpiration pull
    • Plant tropisms (phototropism & gravitropism) – positive & negative responses
  • Global Systems:

    • Heat calculations (specific heat, heat of fusion, heat of vaporization)
    • Heating curve of water
    • Weather & climate (types, heat transfer, albedo, greenhouse effect, climatographs)
    • Climate change causes & effects
    • Biomes & organism adaptations
    • Climate & weather key terms

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