Chemistry Basics Quiz

Physical vs. Chemical Properties

• Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the substance's identity.
  • Examples include color, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and solubility.
• Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances.
  • Examples include reactivity with acids or bases, flammability, oxidation (rusting), corrosiveness, and ability to undergo polymerization or decomposition.

Physical vs. Chemical Changes

• Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of a substance.
  • Examples include changes in state (boiling, melting, freezing, condensing).
• Chemical changes result in a change in the chemical composition of a substance.
  • Examples include burning of wood and formation of a precipitate.

Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, and Solutions

• Element: A substance found on the periodic table (e.g., sodium).
• Compound: A substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined (e.g., water).
• Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined (e.g., pizza).
  • Heterogeneous: Different parts of the mixture are easily distinguishable (e.g., pizza).
• Solution: A mixture where all parts are mixed uniformly (e.g., milk).
  • Homogeneous: The different parts of the mixture are not easily distinguishable.

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

• Electrons: Subatomic particles with a negative charge, located outside the nucleus.
• Protons: Subatomic particles with a positive charge, located inside the nucleus.
• Neutrons: Subatomic particles with no charge, located inside the nucleus.
  • Mass values are also given.

Groups and Periods (Periodic Table)

• Periods: Horizontal rows in the periodic table.
• Groups: Vertical columns in the periodic table.

Metal vs. Non-Metal

• Metals: Located on the left side and center of the periodic table.
• Non-Metals: Located on the right side of the periodic table.

Electrical Conductivity

• Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat.
• Non-metals are poor conductors (insulators).

What Elements in the Same Chemical Family Have in Common

• Elements in the same chemical family have similar valence electrons and reactivity.
• Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

What is an Ion?

• An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons.

Stable Ions

• Stable ions have a full outermost electron shell.

Ionic and Covalent Bonds

• Ionic Bonds: Form between a metal and a non-metal. Electrons are transferred.
• Covalent Bonds: Form between two non-metals. Electrons are shared.

Chemical Formulas

• Chemical formulas represent the composition of a substance using symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element. (Examples given)

Naming Chemical Formulas

• Naming ionic compounds ends in "ide" or includes the oxidation state of the metal within parentheses.
• Covalent compounds use prefixes to indicate the number of each atom. (Examples given)

Polyatomic Ions

• Polyatomic ions are ions composed of more than one atom. (Examples given)

Law of Conservation of Mass (In Chemical Reactions)

• Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

Single Displacement Reactions

• One element replaces another element in a compound.

Types of Reactions

• Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form one product.
• Decomposition: One substance breaks down into two or more products.
• Single Displacement: One element replaces another element in a compound.
• Double Displacement: Two compounds exchange ions to form new compounds.
• Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy.

Acids and Bases

• Acids: Substances that release H⁺ ions (protons) in water.
• Bases: Substances that release OH⁻ ions (hydroxide ions) in water.

pH Scale

• The pH scale measures acidity or basicity of a solution.
  • pH < 7: Acidic
  • pH = 7: Neutral
  • pH > 7: Basic

Alkaline

• Alkaline refers to substances that are basic or have a pH above 7.

Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

• Diagrams showing the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

Lewis Dot Diagrams

• Diagrams using element symbols to represent the element and dots to represent valence electrons.

Atomic Notation

• Representing an element with its atomic number and atomic weight.

Optics - Physics

• Light is a wave and travels in straight lines.
• The electromagnetic spectrum shows different types of light waves with varying energy and wavelengths.
  • Ranges from radio waves to gamma rays.
• Incandescent Lights: Light produced by heating an object.
• Electric Discharge: Light created when electricity flows through a material.
• Luminescence: Light emitted without heating.
  • Includes fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, and bioluminescence, triboluminescence.

Reflection vs. Refraction

• Reflection: Light bounces off a surface.
• Refraction: Light changes direction when passing through a different medium.

Speed of Light

• The speed of light is 3.0x10⁸ m/s in a vacuum.

Index of Refraction (Examples)

• The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given material.

Concave and Convex Mirrors

• Concave: Mirrors that curve inward.
• Convex: Mirrors that curve outward.

Thin Lens Equation and Magnification

• Equations relating focal length, object distance, image distance, and magnification for lenses.

Lenses

• Converging Lenses: Bend light inwards.
• Diverging Lenses: Bend light outwards.

Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

• Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells, the basic unit of structure and function. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

• Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

• Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

• Plant and Animal Cells: Distinguishing differences (e.g. plant walls, vacuoles)

Organelles and Their Functions

• Nucleus: Controls the cell's activities and contains the DNA.

• Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes.

• Cell Membrane: Controls what goes into and out of the cell.

• Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance within the cell.

• Additional organelles and their functions (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, centrioles).

Osmosis vs. Diffusion

• Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration.
• Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

Cell Size Limits

• Cell size is limited to efficiently transport materials in and out of the cell.

Reasons for Cell Division

• Growth, repair and asexual reproduction.

The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

• Interphase: The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
• Prophase: The first stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
• Metaphase: The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
• Anaphase: The stage of mitosis where chromosomes separate.
• Telophase and Cytokinesis: The final stages of mitosis where the nuclear membranes reform and the cell divides.

Cytokinesis Differences (Animals vs. Plants)

• Animals: Cleavage furrow
• Plants: Cell plate.

Cancer

• Cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably.

• Benign Tumors: Grow but do not spread.

• Malignant Tumors: Grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.

• Metastasis: Spread of cancer from the original site to other parts of the body.

• Carcinogens: Substances that cause cancer.

• Methods of Treating Cancer: Examples: Biopsy, radiation, chemotherapy, surgery.

Cellular Differentiation

• The process by which a cell undergoes changes to become a specialized cell type.

Stem Cells

• Stem cells are a type of cell that can differentiate into different types of cells.
  • Benefits of stem cell research are understanding diseases, disease treatment, drug testing.

Tissues and Their Functions

• Four types of tissues (epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle) and their functions.

Organs and Organ Systems

• Organs: Structurally formed units for specific functions.
• Digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine)
• Digestive function: Breakdown of food and use by body, removal of waste.

Additional details from the document - other organ systems and specific functions (e.g., circulatory, respiratory, plants, and their functions).

Global Warming

• Weather vs. climate differences
• Greenhouse gases.
• Sources and effects of greenhouse gases (examples provided)
• Feedback loops (positive and negative)
• Carbon sinks, albedo effects, natural climate fluctuations
• El Niño and La Niña events.