Chemistry Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the difference between a mixture and a solution?

  • A mixture has a uniform composition, while a solution has easily distinguishable parts.
  • A mixture has variable components, whereas a solution has constant components. (correct)
  • A mixture is always homogenous, but a solution is always heterogenous.
  • A mixture is made of only elements, a solution is made of only compounds.

    • Which subatomic particle(s) contribute significantly to an atom's mass?

  • Neutrons only
  • Protons and electrons
  • Protons and neutrons (correct)
  • Electrons only

    • An atom of Gold (Au) has an atomic mass of 197 and an atomic number of 79. How many neutrons does it contain?

  • 79
  • 118 (correct)
  • 197
  • 276

    • How many periods and groups are there in the periodic table, respectively?

    <p>7 periods and 18 groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If an element has 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons, which of the following is true?

    <p>It is an atom of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prefix used to indicate the presence of seven atoms in a molecule?

    <p>Hepta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of chemical reaction is characterized by one substance breaking down into two or more products?

    <p>Decomposition Reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A solution with a pH of 3 is considered to be:

    <p>Acidic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these molecules would be classified as a polyatomic ion?

    <p>SO₄ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle states that matter cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction?

    <p>Law of Conservation of Mass (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between wavelength and energy in the electromagnetic spectrum?

    <p>Longer wavelengths have less energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An element has 16 total electrons. How many electrons would be present in the outermost shell, according to Bohr-Rutherford diagrams?

    <p>6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'luminescence'?

    <p>Light emitted from a material without being heated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In atomic notation, where is the atomic weight of an element positioned?

    <p>Above the element symbol. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options is a definition of alkaline?

    <p>Substances that have a pH above 7. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between diffusion and osmosis?

    <p>Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion focusing only on water, while diffusion encompasses all particles. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular process is most directly affected by an increase in cell volume?

    <p>The transportation of materials in and out of the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

    <p>Interphase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key event that defines the start of the mitosis phase known as prophase?

    <p>The breaking down of the nuclear membrane and condensation of chromatin. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly identifies a difference in cytokinesis between plant and animal cells?

    <p>Plant cells begin cytokinesis with the formation of a cell plate, while animal cells initiate a cleavage furrow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for preventing water loss in plants?

    <p>Stomata (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of xylem tissue in plants?

    <p>Transporting water and minerals upwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the long-term average of weather patterns in a region?

    <p>Climate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the diaphragm play in the respiratory process?

    <p>Aiding in inhalation and exhalation through movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the majority of photosynthesis occur within a leaf?

    <p>Mesophyll (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the function of meristematic cells in plants?

    <p>Differentiating into specific cell types for growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phloem in plants?

    <p>Transporting sugars throughout the plant (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT part of the leaf diagram?

    <p>Larynx (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a direct result of thermal expansion?

    <p>Rising sea levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides permafrost melt, which process contributes to increased atmospheric methane?

    <p>Agricultural practices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the IPCC?

    <p>Assess climate change and provide recommendations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these strategies is a part of a plan intended to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and not just reduce emissions?

    <p>Protecting and expanding forests (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Single Displacement Reaction

    A chemical reaction where a single element replaces another in a compound.

    Synthesis Reaction

    A chemical reaction where two or more substances combine to form a single product.

    Decomposition Reaction

    A chemical reaction where a single substance breaks down into two or more products.

    pH Scale

    The scale used to measure the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.

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    Acid

    A substance that releases H⁺ ions (protons) in water.

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    Heterogeneous Mixture

    A mixture where different parts are easily distinguishable. For example, think of a pizza with different toppings.

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    Homogeneous Mixture

    A mixture where all parts are evenly distributed and look the same throughout. Examples include milk, apple juice, and air.

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    Element

    A pure substance made up of only one type of atom. Examples include hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon.

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    Periods in Periodic Table

    The horizontal rows in the periodic table. There are 7 periods in total.

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    Groups in Periodic Table

    The vertical columns in the periodic table. There are 18 groups in total.

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    Diffusion

    The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

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    Osmosis

    The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration.

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    Interphase

    The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA.

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    Mitosis

    The process by which a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells.

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    Cytokinesis

    The process of dividing the cytoplasm of a cell to create two daughter cells.

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    Alkaline

    A substance with a pH greater than 7, indicating a basic or alkaline nature.

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    Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

    A diagram illustrating the arrangement of electrons in shells around the nucleus of an atom. It includes protons and neutrons in the nucleus, represented as p+ and n0 respectively.

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    Lewis Dot Diagram

    A representation of an atom's valence electrons, where the symbol of the element is surrounded by dots representing the valence electrons.

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    Atomic Notation

    A notation that represents the composition of an atom. It includes the atomic symbol of the element, the atomic number (number of protons) below the symbol, and the atomic weight (sum of protons and neutrons) above the symbol.

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    Luminescence

    A form of light emission resulting from the excitation of a material, without being heated.

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    Larynx

    The voice box that helps produce sound.

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    Trachea

    The windpipe that carries air to the lungs.

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    Bronchi

    Two tubes that branch from the trachea into the lungs.

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    Bronchioles

    Smaller branches of the bronchi within the lungs.

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    Alveoli

    Tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen enters the blood, and carbon dioxide is removed.

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    Diaphragm

    A large, dome-shaped muscle that helps with breathing.

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    Photosynthesis

    The process by which plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose and oxygen.

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    Meristematic Cells

    Plant cells that are undifferentiated and divide to contribute to plant growth.

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    Paleoclimatology

    The study of Earth's past climates using clues like ice cores, tree rings, sediment layers, and fossils.

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    Greenhouse gas

    A gas that traps heat in the Earth's atmosphere and contributes to global warming.

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    Global warming

    The increase in Earth's average temperature over time, mainly caused by human activities that release greenhouse gases.

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    Methane

    A powerful greenhouse gas released from melting permafrost and other sources, contributing significantly to global warming.

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    Sea level rise

    The gradual rise in sea level due to melting glaciers and ice sheets, as well as the expansion of water as it warms.

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    Study Notes

    Physical vs. Chemical Properties

    • Physical properties can be observed or measured without changing the substance's identity.
      • Examples include color, density, melting point, boiling point, hardness, and solubility.
    • Chemical properties describe how a substance interacts with other substances.
      • Examples include reactivity with acids or bases, flammability, oxidation (rusting), corrosiveness, and ability to undergo polymerization or decomposition.

    Physical vs. Chemical Changes

    • Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of a substance.
      • Examples include changes in state (boiling, melting, freezing, condensing).
    • Chemical changes result in a change in the chemical composition of a substance.
      • Examples include burning of wood and formation of a precipitate.

    Elements, Compounds, Mixtures, and Solutions

    • Element: A substance found on the periodic table (e.g., sodium).
    • Compound: A substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined (e.g., water).
    • Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined (e.g., pizza).
      • Heterogeneous: Different parts of the mixture are easily distinguishable (e.g., pizza).
    • Solution: A mixture where all parts are mixed uniformly (e.g., milk).
      • Homogeneous: The different parts of the mixture are not easily distinguishable.

    Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

    • Electrons: Subatomic particles with a negative charge, located outside the nucleus.
    • Protons: Subatomic particles with a positive charge, located inside the nucleus.
    • Neutrons: Subatomic particles with no charge, located inside the nucleus.
      • Mass values are also given.

    Groups and Periods (Periodic Table)

    • Periods: Horizontal rows in the periodic table.
    • Groups: Vertical columns in the periodic table.

    Metal vs. Non-Metal

    • Metals: Located on the left side and center of the periodic table.
    • Non-Metals: Located on the right side of the periodic table.

    Electrical Conductivity

    • Metals are good conductors of electricity and heat.
    • Non-metals are poor conductors (insulators).

    What Elements in the Same Chemical Family Have in Common

    • Elements in the same chemical family have similar valence electrons and reactivity.
    • Valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell of an atom.

    What is an Ion?

    • An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons.

    Stable Ions

    • Stable ions have a full outermost electron shell.

    Ionic and Covalent Bonds

    • Ionic Bonds: Form between a metal and a non-metal. Electrons are transferred.
    • Covalent Bonds: Form between two non-metals. Electrons are shared.

    Chemical Formulas

    • Chemical formulas represent the composition of a substance using symbols and subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each element. (Examples given)

    Naming Chemical Formulas

    • Naming ionic compounds ends in "ide" or includes the oxidation state of the metal within parentheses.
    • Covalent compounds use prefixes to indicate the number of each atom. (Examples given)

    Polyatomic Ions

    • Polyatomic ions are ions composed of more than one atom. (Examples given)

    Law of Conservation of Mass (In Chemical Reactions)

    • Mass cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction.

    Single Displacement Reactions

    • One element replaces another element in a compound.

    Types of Reactions

    • Synthesis: Two or more substances combine to form one product.
    • Decomposition: One substance breaks down into two or more products.
    • Single Displacement: One element replaces another element in a compound.
    • Double Displacement: Two compounds exchange ions to form new compounds.
    • Combustion: A substance reacts with oxygen, releasing energy.

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids: Substances that release H⁺ ions (protons) in water.
    • Bases: Substances that release OH⁻ ions (hydroxide ions) in water.

    pH Scale

    • The pH scale measures acidity or basicity of a solution.
      • pH < 7: Acidic
      • pH = 7: Neutral
      • pH > 7: Basic

    Alkaline

    • Alkaline refers to substances that are basic or have a pH above 7.

    Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

    • Diagrams showing the arrangement of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom.

    Lewis Dot Diagrams

    • Diagrams using element symbols to represent the element and dots to represent valence electrons.

    Atomic Notation

    • Representing an element with its atomic number and atomic weight.

    Optics - Physics

    • Light is a wave and travels in straight lines.
    • The electromagnetic spectrum shows different types of light waves with varying energy and wavelengths.
      • Ranges from radio waves to gamma rays.
    • Incandescent Lights: Light produced by heating an object.
    • Electric Discharge: Light created when electricity flows through a material.
    • Luminescence: Light emitted without heating.
      • Includes fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, and bioluminescence, triboluminescence.

    Reflection vs. Refraction

    • Reflection: Light bounces off a surface.
    • Refraction: Light changes direction when passing through a different medium.

    Speed of Light

    • The speed of light is 3.0x10⁸ m/s in a vacuum.

    Index of Refraction (Examples)

    • The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to its speed in a given material.

    Concave and Convex Mirrors

    • Concave: Mirrors that curve inward.
    • Convex: Mirrors that curve outward.

    Thin Lens Equation and Magnification

    • Equations relating focal length, object distance, image distance, and magnification for lenses.

    Lenses

    • Converging Lenses: Bend light inwards.
    • Diverging Lenses: Bend light outwards.

    Cells, Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems

    • Cell Theory: All living things are made of cells, the basic unit of structure and function. All cells come from pre-existing cells.

    • Prokaryotic Cells: Lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

    • Eukaryotic Cells: Have a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

    • Plant and Animal Cells: Distinguishing differences (e.g. plant walls, vacuoles)

    Organelles and Their Functions

    • Nucleus: Controls the cell's activities and contains the DNA.

    • Nucleolus: Makes ribosomes.

    • Cell Membrane: Controls what goes into and out of the cell.

    • Cytoplasm: The jelly-like substance within the cell.

    • Additional organelles and their functions (e.g. mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, vesicles, Golgi apparatus, cytoskeleton, lysosomes, centrioles).

    Osmosis vs. Diffusion

    • Osmosis: Movement of water across a membrane from high to low concentration.
    • Diffusion: Movement of particles from high to low concentration.

    Cell Size Limits

    • Cell size is limited to efficiently transport materials in and out of the cell.

    Reasons for Cell Division

    • Growth, repair and asexual reproduction.

    The Cell Cycle and Mitosis

    • Interphase: The stage in the cell cycle where the cell grows and replicates its DNA.
    • Prophase: The first stage of mitosis, where chromatin condenses and the nuclear membrane breaks down.
    • Metaphase: The stage of mitosis where chromosomes align in the middle of the cell.
    • Anaphase: The stage of mitosis where chromosomes separate.
    • Telophase and Cytokinesis: The final stages of mitosis where the nuclear membranes reform and the cell divides.

    Cytokinesis Differences (Animals vs. Plants)

    • Animals: Cleavage furrow
    • Plants: Cell plate.

    Cancer

    • Cancer is a disease where abnormal cells grow uncontrollably.

    • Benign Tumors: Grow but do not spread.

    • Malignant Tumors: Grow uncontrollably and spread to other parts of the body.

    • Metastasis: Spread of cancer from the original site to other parts of the body.

    • Carcinogens: Substances that cause cancer.

    • Methods of Treating Cancer: Examples: Biopsy, radiation, chemotherapy, surgery.

    Cellular Differentiation

    • The process by which a cell undergoes changes to become a specialized cell type.

    Stem Cells

    • Stem cells are a type of cell that can differentiate into different types of cells.
      • Benefits of stem cell research are understanding diseases, disease treatment, drug testing.

    Tissues and Their Functions

    • Four types of tissues (epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle) and their functions.

    Organs and Organ Systems

    • Organs: Structurally formed units for specific functions.
    • Digestive system (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine)
    • Digestive function: Breakdown of food and use by body, removal of waste.

    Additional details from the document - other organ systems and specific functions (e.g., circulatory, respiratory, plants, and their functions).

    Global Warming

    • Weather vs. climate differences
    • Greenhouse gases.
    • Sources and effects of greenhouse gases (examples provided)
    • Feedback loops (positive and negative)
    • Carbon sinks, albedo effects, natural climate fluctuations
    • El Niño and La Niña events.

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