Chemistry Fundamentals Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What did Ernest Rutherford discover using the gold foil experiment?

  • Electrons are negatively charged particles
  • Atoms are mostly empty space (correct)
  • The nucleus contains positive charge (correct)
  • The atomic number defines the element

What is the primary distinguishing characteristic of an element?

  • The number of electrons in its atoms.
  • The number of neutrons in its atoms.
  • The number of protons in its atoms. (correct)
  • The number of energy levels in its atoms.

Which scientist proposed the Plum Pudding Model?

  • Joseph John Thompson (correct)
  • Henry Moseley
  • Ernest Rutherford
  • Niels Bohr

Which of the following describes the process of nuclear transmutation?

<p>The changing of one element into another by altering the number of protons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes an ionic bond?

<p>A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal (A), A strong attraction between positive and negative ions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between the atomic theories of Democritus and Aristotle?

<p>Democritus believed that all matter was made of atoms, while Aristotle believed that matter was continuous and infinitely divisible. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an ionic compound and a covalent compound?

<p>Ionic compounds are formed between metals and nonmetals, while covalent compounds are formed between two nonmetals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Dalton's atomic theory postulates explains the law of definite proportions?

<p>Atoms combine in fixed ratios to form compounds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these models describes electrons as orbiting the nucleus similar to planets around the sun?

<p>Bohr Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many neutrons does an atom of chlorine have?

<p>18 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Empedocles' experiment support his theory of the four elements?

<p>He showed that all matter is a combination of fire, air, water, and earth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of technetium in the development of atomic theory?

<p>It was the first element to be synthesized artificially. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element is defined by its atomic number, NOT its atomic weight?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between alchemy and modern chemistry?

<p>Alchemy focused on transforming base metals into gold, while modern chemistry focuses on understanding the composition and properties of matter. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'atomic mass' represent?

<p>The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom's nucleus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist reorganized the Periodic Table based on atomic number?

<p>Henry Moseley (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the relationship between the atomic number and the identity of an element?

<p>The atomic number determines the element's position on the periodic table. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of distillation, sublimation, crystallization, and filtration?

<p>To separate and purify substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

<p>All elements exist in nature, but some are only found in trace amounts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What elements were formed during the Big Bang?

<p>Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, and Beryllium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is responsible for the formation of heavier elements than iron?

<p>Neutron Capture &amp; Supernova (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the process that creates atomic nuclei from protons and neutrons?

<p>Nucleosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Carbon-Nitrogen-Oxygen (CNO) cycle?

<p>It is responsible for the formation of heavier elements in stars (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes Democritus's atomic theory?

<p>Atoms are solid, indestructible, and separated by empty space. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the temperature of the universe and the energy of particles?

<p>Higher temperature leads to higher particle energy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is NOT a key requirement for Stellar Nucleosynthesis?

<p>A large gravitational field (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur?

<p>Activation Energy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor affecting the rate of chemical reactions?

<p>Type of Reactants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a catalyst in a chemical reaction?

<p>Decreases the activation energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a chemical reaction, the reactant that is completely used up first is called the ____.

<p>Limiting Reactant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a chemical reaction?

<p>Always releases energy (exothermic) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following molecules is an example of a nonpolar covalent bond?

<p>O2 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a polar covalent bond, electrons are shared ______________, leading to a ______________ molecule.

<p>unequally, polar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why oxygen attracts electrons more strongly than hydrogen in a water molecule?

<p>Oxygen has a higher electronegativity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following intermolecular forces is the weakest?

<p>London Dispersion Forces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of molecules is most likely to experience hydrogen bonding?

<p>A molecule containing a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom like oxygen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a polar molecule?

<p>It is soluble in nonpolar solvents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key difference between simple sugars and complex sugars?

<p>Simple sugars are easily processed by the body, while complex sugars require more energy to break down. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of lipids?

<p>Storing energy for long-term use. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Collision Theory, increasing the temperature of a reaction mixture will generally lead to:

<p>Increased reaction rate. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of carbohydrates in biological systems?

<p>Providing short-term energy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nuclear Transmutation

Changing one element into another by altering the number of protons.

Atomic Number

Determines an element’s identity based on the number of protons.

Technetium

The first artificial element created by humans.

Subatomic Particles

Protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose an atom.

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Proton

A positively charged particle found in the nucleus, defining the element.

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Neutron

A neutral particle in the nucleus with the same mass as protons.

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Electron

A negatively charged particle that moves outside the nucleus in energy levels.

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Aristotle's Theory

Rejected the atomic theory; proposed matter comprised of four elements: Fire, Air, Water, Earth.

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Dalton's Atomic Theory

Revived atomic theory, stating matter is made of indivisible atoms and compounds form in fixed ratios.

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Big Bang

The initial event that created the universe from a hot, dense state.

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Nucleosynthesis

The process of forming atomic nuclei from protons and neutrons.

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Stellar Nucleosynthesis

Formation of heavy elements in stars through fusion processes.

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Hydrogen

The lightest element, formed during the Big Bang.

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Helium

A light element formed alongside hydrogen during the Big Bang.

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Neutron Capture

A process that forms elements heavier than iron by adding neutrons.

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Supernova

A massive explosion of a star that can lead to neutron capture and element formation.

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Neutron Calculation

Neutrons = Mass number – Atomic number.

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Historical Alchemy

Early chemistry focused on transforming base metals into gold.

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Chlorine Details

Chlorine (Cl) has atomic number 17 and mass number 35.

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Joseph John Thompson

Discovered electrons and proposed the Plum Pudding Model.

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Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford showed atoms are mostly empty space, with a dense nucleus.

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Cations

Atoms that lose electrons and become positively charged.

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Anions

Atoms that gain electrons and become negatively charged.

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Ionic Bond

Attraction between positive and negative ions, often between metals and nonmetals.

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Covalent Bond

Bond where two atoms share valence electrons, typically between nonmetals.

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Henry Moseley

Reorganized the Periodic Table based on atomic number, not atomic weight.

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Chemical Reaction

A process where reactants transform into products through collisions and bond breaking.

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Collision Theory

States that particles must collide with sufficient energy and correct orientation to react.

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Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats

Saturated fats are solid at room temperature; unsaturated fats are liquid.

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Activation Energy

The minimum energy required for a chemical reaction to occur.

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Limiting Reactant

The reactant that is completely consumed first, limiting the amount of product formed.

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Polar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared unequally, resulting in slight charges.

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Nonpolar Covalent Bond

A bond where electrons are shared equally, so the molecule is neutral.

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Dipole

A molecule with two poles, one slightly positive and one slightly negative.

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Hydrogen Bonding

A strong type of dipole-dipole interaction involving hydrogen and electronegative atoms.

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London Dispersion Forces

Weak forces caused by temporary electron distributions in molecules.

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Dipole-Dipole Forces

Attractions between the positive end of one polar molecule and the negative end of another.

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Ion-Dipole Forces

Attraction between an ion and a polar molecule's partial charge.

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Polar Molecule

A molecule with an uneven distribution of charge, resulting in slight charges.

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Study Notes

Week 1: The Big Bang and Element Formation

  • The universe expanded from a hot, dense state
  • Expansion and cooling led to decreasing particle energy
  • Element identity is determined by the number of protons
  • Light elements (Hydrogen, Helium, Lithium, Beryllium) were formed during the Big Bang
  • Heavier elements are formed through stellar nucleosynthesis in stars
  • Nucleosynthesis is the process of creating atomic nuclei from protons and neutrons
  • The high density and temperature within stars enable the fusion of elements like silicon and iron
  • Fusion pathways for heavy elements involve proton-proton fusion and the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen cycle

Week 2: Democritus' Atomic Theory and Atomic Structure

  • Matter is composed of indivisible particles called atoms
  • Atoms are solid, indestructible, and separated by empty space (also known as void)
  • Aristotle rejected Democritus' theory, and proposed the theory of the four elements: fire, air, water, earth
  • Atoms are the smallest unit of matter, composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons
  • Protons have a positive charge, located in the nucleus
  • Neutrons have no charge, located in the nucleus
  • Electrons have a negative charge, located outside the nucleus
  • Atomic number equals the number of protons
  • Atomic mass equals the sum of protons and neutrons
  • Technetium was the first artificially created element

Week 3: Chemical Bonding

  • Ionic bonds form between positive (cations) and negative (anions) ions
  • Covalent bonds form when atoms share valence electrons
  • Polar covalent bonds involve unequal electron sharing, leading to slight positive and negative charges
  • Nonpolar covalent bonds involve equal electron sharing, resulting in a neutral molecule

Week 4-5: Chemical Reactions, Collision Theory and Stoichiometry

  • Collision theory: chemical reactions occur when particles collide with sufficient energy and in the correct orientation
  • Factors affecting the rate of chemical reactions
  • Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to occur
  • Temperature increase leads to higher particle movement and more collisions
  • Concentration increase leads to more collisions and faster reactions
  • Surface area increases particle exposure for reaction speed increase
  • Limiting reactant is completely used up first, determining the product amount
  • Excess reagents are not fully used up by the reaction end

Week 3-4: Biological Molecules

  • Carbohydrates are organic molecules that provide energy(e.g. simple sugars, complex sugars like polysaccharides)
  • Lipids are non-water soluble molecules (e.g. fats,steroids, waxes)
  • Proteins are made of amino acids and play roles in structure and transport, includes peptide bonds
  • Nucleic acids are made of nucleotides store genetic information (DNA, RNA)

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